React version:
Steps To Reproduce
Link to code example:
React version:
Link to code example:
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๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป๐ค๐ป
How many years has the United States been in existence and how many wars has it started?
Without the United States, Russia would not have invaded Ukraine
ๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๆฏๆ้ฌผ
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NATO are the invader, America have no idea to stop the war, but supply weapons to push Ukrainian to death. stop NATO and stop the war.
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Link to code example: What do you think of what the United States has done to Afghanistan, Iran and other countries? Did you speak on the official website at that time?Bug:
What do you think of what the United States has done to Afghanistan, Iran and other countries? Did you speak on the official website at that time?Bug:
What do you think of what the United States has done to Afghanistan, Iran and other countries? Did you speak on the official website at that time?Bug:
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1.Populism Go Away๐ข 2.Support Russia, Save Europe๐ข
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ไนๆ~~~~
ๅคงๅฎถไธ่ฆๆ ๅ๏ผๆๅซๅๅฅๅ่ฟๆฅ้ปไป
Where were you when US invaded Afghanistan? Where were you when US invaded Iraq? Where were you when US invaded Yugoslavia?
Were you there for them too?
Your pathetic effort of blending politics into dev community is both disgusting and degrading. Whoever wrote that appeal and his colleague should dig a hold in the ground and bury yourselves in it.
Shame on you, Shame on Meta
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ไนๅ ๅ ฐๅ ้จๆถๅฐๅฏกๅคดๆๆง๏ผ้ๅๅงไบบไนๆฏ่ฟซไบๆ ๅฅ๏ผๆไปฌๅฏไปฅๆฏๆไนๅ ๅ ฐๅนณๆฐ๏ผไฝไธ่ฆๆฏๆไนๅ ๅ ฐๆฟๅบไธๆ็ซฏๅณ็ฟผๅๅญ
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ไนๆ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
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ๅๆญฃๅขๅ ้ปไฟๅญๅญๅฐฑ็กฌ่ตข๏ผ่ตขไธคๆฌกใ่ฟไบ็ ๅ็ปไปไปฌ็็ๅผๆบ่ตๆบไนๆฏ็จๆฅ็ฅธๅฎณไบบ๏ผ็ๆงไบบๆฐ๏ผไธบ่ไฝไผฅใ่ฎฉไปไปฌๅจๅขๅ ็ๅงใ
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่ฝไธ่ฝๅ ฌๅนณๅ ็งๆๆ ๅฝ็ๆฏ็ฌ่ฏ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
็พๅฝ่ช1776ๅนดๅปบๅฝไปฅๆฅ๏ผๅ ๅๅๅจ1500ๅคๆฌก่ขญๅป๏ผ่ก่ ฅๅฑ ๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผๆ ๅคบๅๅฐใ500ไธๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฐ1900ๅนดไป ๅฉ23.7ไธไบบใ็พๅฝๅผบ่ฟซ็บฆ10ไธๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅคง่ฟๅพ๏ผๆๅไธไธ็ไบบๅ ้ฅฅๅฏไบค่ฟซใ็พ็ ็็ซๆญปไบ้ไธญใ่ฟๅพไน่ทฏๆโ่กๆณชไน่ทฏโใ็ดๅฐไปๅคฉ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๅฉๆขฆไปๅจ็ปง็ปญใ
https://youtu.be/jC-Xz8kNbLM
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ๆ็ป๏ผ i am your father๏ผ
ๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๆ็ปไบฒไฝ ๅด
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ๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผ ๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผ ๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผ ๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผ ๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผ ๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผ ๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผ ๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผ ๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผ ๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผ
no war not means Ukraine is right !The president of Ukraine is just a figurehead . support russia .
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ๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผๅๆไธๅ็พ๏ผๅฟ้ๅฟ ๆ้ฌผ
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่ฟไธชIssuesไผไธไผ่ขซๅ ณ้ญๅ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
Support Ukraine, Russia and eu to unite against United States dogs
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To React๏ผThanks for your contribution of React. We also support the heroic Ukraine to defend Invasion !๐
To ้ชไบบ็็ฒ็บข๏ผ
็็ๆฏๆบๅๅ ชๅฟง๏ผไฝ ๆๅ ฌๅธๆๆฏไปฃ็ ๅ็ซฏไธญ React ้จๅ้ฝๅ ไบไธๅฐฑ่กไบ๏ผๆ็น้ชจๆฐ๐คฃ๐คฃ ่ฟๆ็พๅฝไบบๅผๆบ็ๅๆ ทไปฃ็ ๅบ๏ผ ๅ ๆฌๆๆ ธๅฟ็ๆไฝ็ณป็ป [#Linux]๏ผๆฑไฝ ๅไธๅซ็จใ ๅๆฌกไธญๅฝไบบไธขไบบไธขๅฐไธ็๐ฐ๐ฐ๐ฐ๐ฐ๐ฐ๐ฐ ่ไธๆๆตทๅคๅไบบๆจๅฐไธๅซไธๅค็ๆทฑๆธ๏ผ ่ฆๆญปไบบ็ไฝ ็ฅ้ๅ๏ผไนๅ ๅ ฐ้ฃ่พนๅทฒ็ปๆไธญๅฝๅ่ไธ่ก่ขซๆๆญป๏ผไธบไปไน๏ผไฝ ไปฌ่ฟไบ็ฒ็บข้ ็ๅญฝ๏ผ๏ผ ๆตทๅคๅไบบๅทฅ็จๅธ่ฟไนๅคๅนด็ๆญฃ้ขๅฝข่ฑก๏ผ้ฝ่ฆ่ขซไฝ ไปฌ็ณ่นๆญปใไฝ ไปฌๅจ็ฏ็ฝช๏ผๅจ่ฐๆ็ฅ้ๅ๏ผๆไธไธๅฐๅฐผๅไบบๆๅไบไปถ๏ผๅคไน่ก่ ฅใ
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double standards facebook need my fingers, my fingers can fuck you wonderfuly ! ่บบ็่ต้ฑๅฃๆฏๅฉ
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Since WW2, Earth has had 248 armed conflicts. The US started 201 of them. These US-started armed attacks have killed ~30 million and counting; 90% of these deaths are innocent children, the elderly and ordinary working civilian women and men. The US has war-murdered more than Hitlerโs Nazis. US official reports now confirm all โreasonsโ the US told for current armed attacks were known to be false as they were told. These lie-started US wars are not even close to lawful (here and here recently). US wars and rhetoric for more wars continue a long history of lie-began US Wars of Aggression. The most decorated US Marine general in his day warned all Americans of this fact of lie-started wars for 1% plunder.
1๏ผ1960๏ผFeb Invaded Dominican Republic
2๏ผ1960๏ผ July๏ผInvaded Congo murdered its president Lumumba
3๏ผ1961 ๏ผ Invaded Laos
4๏ผ1962, Cuba missile crisis
5, 1961, Invaded Vietnam
6, 1962, Invaded Dominican Republic
7, 1965, Invaded Dominican Republic
8, 1970 Invaded Cambodia
9, 1971๏ผApril Invaded Yemen
10, 1983, Oct, Invaded Grenada
11, 1986๏ผInvaded Libya
12, 1987โโ1988๏ผInvaded Iran
13๏ผ1989๏ผattacked Libya
14, 1989๏ผinvaded Banama
15, 1991, Attacked Iraq
16, 1999, Nato bombed Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for 80 days, boomed the Chinese embassy
17, 2001 Invaded Iraq, simply because of a tube of washing powder
18, 2003 Overtook Iraq
19, 2013 Invaded Syria
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1.https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV17T4y1S7v4 2.https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV17T4y1S7v4
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https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/zyxw/202203/t20220302_10647118.shtml
Fuck you the US.
์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ๊ฐ์ ๋๊ตฌ์ ์ ์น
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Almost all Chinese know the cause of war between Russia and Ukraine is NATO , the biggest evil military organization(If you have memory and understand history in the past 30 years).
ๆไนๆฅๅๅ
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ไธ็ถไปฅๅ๏ผๅคงๅฎถ้ฝ่ฆๅ่ชๆไธๅฅใใใๅฏนๅฐ็ๆฅ่ฏด๏ผ่ตๆบๅคชๆตช่ดนไบใ
ๆฌง็พๅฐฑๆฏไธ็พคๅผบ็๏ผไปไธไธชไธ็บชๅฐฑๅผๅง๏ผๆขๅคบๅซไบบ็่ดขไบง๏ผๅคฉๅคฉๅฎฃๆฌ ็งๆๆ ๅฝ็๏ผไฝ่ฒๆ ๅฝ็๏ผ่บๆฏๆ ๅฝ็๏ผ ็ถๅๅข๏ผ็ซ็ซ้ฝๅพๅฐไบๅถ่ฃ๏ผๅคฉๅคฉๆ่ชๅทฑ็ๅฃๆฏไธปไน๏ผ็็ๆถๅฟใ
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1.https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV17T4y1S7v4?from=search&seid=455655915427515776 2.https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV17T4y1S7v4?from=search&seid=455655915427515776
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https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/zyxw/202203/t20220302_10647118.shtml
ๅ็พๅฅด้ถไธปๅไบบ็ฑปๅชๅธฎ๏ผๅฟ ้กป่ขซๆฏ็ญ ็ๆ็ฝ็ฎ็ช็งๆไธปไนๆตท็๏ผๅฟ ้กป่ขซ่ๆธ
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I feel so sad you bring politics to React. In my opinion, Support Ukraine government equal support nazi.
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ๆไบ้ฝๆฏๆฒๅ็ๆไปฌ่ฆๆ่็ๆฏๅฆไฝ้ฟๅ ๆไบ๏ผไธๅณๅฐๆ่ดฃๆฒกๆ็จ๏ผ
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ๆ็็ๆฐ็ๅฟซๆต็ผๆณชไบ๏ผๆ่ฏทๆฑๅคงๅฎถๅๆญขไธ่ฆๅ้ชreactไธ่ฆๅ็ฏ่ดฑๅปissue้ไนฑ้ชไธ่ฆๅๆฃไนฑ่งๅพ่ฟไบไธ่ชๅทฑๆ ๅ ณไบ๏ผ๏ผ็ฐๅจๅฝๅ ็จๅบๅๆปๅปreactๅบ่ขซๅคๅชไนๅชๅคง้่ฝฌ่ฝฝ๏ผๅฏผ่ดๅคๅฝๅ ฌๅธๅผๅงๅบ็ฐไบๅๅๆ ็ปช๏ผ็ฐๅจๆ็ซ่ถๆฅ่ถๆฟ็๏ผๆๆๅฏ่ฝไป็ฉบ่ขญๆผๅไธบๆชๆใๅ ไธบไฝ ไปฌ้ๅฃไธๅฅ่ฐไพ่ไฝฟๅพๅคๅฝไผไธ้่งไธญๅฝ็จๅบๅ๏ผๅฏผ่ดไธญๅฝ็จๅบๅ่ขซ่ฃๅ๏ผไธญๅฝ็ๅผๆบๅบ่ขซๅ ้ค๏ผ็ฐๅจๆไปฌไธๅพไธๆ่กจ้ฒ่ชๅทฑๆฏไธญๅฝไบบ่บซไปฝ็ไธๅ็นๅพ้ฝ้่่ตทๆฅ๏ผๅฎณๆไธไธไธช่ขซ่ฏฏไผค็ๅฐฑๆฏ่ชๅทฑใๅฝไฝ ไปฌ่ๆ่บบๅจๅฎถ้ๅ็ๅฅถ่ถๅท็githubๅ็็ฉ็ฌ่ฏๆถ๏ผๆฏๆไปฌ่ฟไบๅจๅคไผ็็จๅบๅๅ่ๅจไธบไฝ ไปฌ็่กไธบไนฐๅ๏ผไธ่ฆๅๆๅ่ๅพ็ซๅ้ๆจไบ๏ผ๏ผ
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ๅๆไธๅ็พ, ๆ็ปไบฒไฝ ๅด !
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ๅฆ้ข
้ชๅพ่ถๅผๅฟ๏ผๅชไผๆด้ฒไธญๅฝไบบ็็ด ่ดจไธ้ใ Ashamed of them
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ๆ่พจๆฏ้๏ผ้ฒ้ค่ฎๅคท
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ไธไน่ขซๅฑ ๆๆถๅ๏ผไธบไปไน่ฅฟๆนๅชไฝไธๆฅ้๏ผ
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from๏ผhttps://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/202203/t20220302_10647120.html
**The term โgenocideโ, made fromโthe ancient Greek word genosโ(race, nation or tribe) and the Latin caedere (โkilling, annihilationโ), was first coined by Raphael Lemkin, a Polish-Jewish legal scholar, in his 1944 book Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. It originally meansโโthe destruction of a nation or an ethnic groupโ.
In 1946, United Nations (UN) General Assembly affirmed genocide as a crime under international law in Resolution 96, which stated thatโโGenocide is a denial of the right of existence of entire human groups, as homicide is the denial of the right to live of individual human beings; such denial of the right of existence shocks the conscience of mankind โฆ and is contrary to moral law and the spirit and aims of the United Nations.โ
OnโDecemberโ9,โ1948, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 260A, orโthe Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide,โwhich entered into force onโJanuaryโ12,โ1951. The Resolution noted that โat all periods of history genocide has inflicted great losses on humanityโ.โArticle II of the Convention clearly defines genocide as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group;โ(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;โ(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;โ(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;โ(e) Forcibly transferring children of the groupsโto another group. The United States ratified the Convention in 1988.
Genocide is also clearly defined in U.S. domestic law. The United States Code, in Section 1091 of Title 18, definesโgenocide as violent attacksโwith the specific intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, a definition similar to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
According to historical records and media reports, since its founding, the United States has systematically deprived Indians of their rights to life and basic political, economic, and cultural rights through killings, displacements, and forced assimilation, in an attempt to physically and culturally eradicate this group. Even today, Indians still faceโa serious existential crisis.
According to international law and its domestic law, what the United States did to the Indians covers all the acts that define genocide and indisputably constitutes genocide. The American magazine Foreign Policyโcommented that the crimes against Native Americans are fully consistent with the definition of genocide under current international law.
The profound sin of genocide is a historical stain that the United States can never clear, and the painful tragedy of Indians is a historical lesson that should never be forgotten.
I. Evidence on U.S. governmentโs genocide against Indians
On July 4, 1776, the United States of America was founded with the Declaration of Independence, which openly stated that โHeโ(the British King)โhas excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savagesโ, andโslandered Native Americans as โthe merciless Indian Savagesโ.
The U.S. government and leaders treated Native Americans with a belief in white superiority and supremacy, set out to annihilate theโIndians and attemptedโto eradicate the race through โcultural genocideโ.
During the American War of Independence (1775-1783), the Second War of Independence (1812-1815) and the Civil War (1861-1865), the U.S. leaders, eager to transform its plantationโeconomyโas an adjunct toโEuropean colonialismโand to expand their territories, covetedโthe vast Indian landsโand launched thousands of attacks on Indian tribes, slaughtering Indian chiefs, soldiers and even civilians, and taking Indian lands for themselves.
In 1862, the United States enacted the Homestead Act, which provided that every American citizen above the age ofโ21, with a mereโregistration fee of 10 U.S. dollars, could acquire no more than 160 acres (about 64.75 hectares) of land in the west. Lured by the land, the whiteโpeopleโswarmed into the Indian areas and started a massacreโthat resulted in the death ofโthousands of Indians.
Leaders of the U.S. governmentโat that timeโopenly claimed thatโthe skin of Indians could be peeled off to make tall boots,that Indians must be annihilated or driven to places that no one would go, that Indians had to be wiped out swiftly, andโthat onlyโdead Indians are good Indians. American soldiers saw the slaughter of Indians as natural, even an honor, and would not rest until theyโwere all killed. Similar hate rhetoric and atrocities abound,โand are well documented in many Native American extermination monographs.
Since the colonists set foot in North America, they had systematically and extensively hunted American bison, cutting off theโsource of food and basic livelihoodโof the Indians, andโcausingโtheir deathโfrom starvation in large numbers.
Statisticsโreveal thatโsince itsโindependence in 1776, the U.S. government has launched overโ1,500 attacks onโIndian tribes, slaughtering the Indians, taking their lands, and committing countless crimes. In 1814, the U.S. government decreed that it would award 50 to 100 dollars for each Indian skull surrendered. The American Historian Frederick Turner acknowledged in The Significance of the Frontier in American History, released in 1893,โthat each frontier was won by a series of wars against the Indians.
The California Gold Rush also brought about the California Massacre.โPeter Burnett, the first governor of California, proposed a war of extermination against Native Americans, triggering risingโcalls for the extermination of Indians in the state. In Californiaโin the 1850s and 60s, an Indian skullโor scalp was worthโ5 dollars, while the average daily wage was 25 cents. From 1846 to 1873, the Indian population in Californiaโdropped to 30,000โfrom 150,000. Countless Indians died as a result of the atrocities. Some of the major massacres include:
โIn 1811, American troops defeated the famous Indian chief Tecumseh and his army in the Battle of Tippecanoe, burnedโthe Indian capital Prophetstown and committedโbrutal massacres.
โFrom November 1813 to January 1814, the U.S. Army launched the Creek War against the Native Americans, also known as the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. On March 27, 1814, about 3,000 soldiers attacked the Creek Indians at Horseshoe Bend, Mississippi Territory. Overโ800 Creek warriors were slaughteredโin the fight, and as a result, the military strength of the Creeks was significantlyโweakened. Under the Treaty of Fort Jackson signed on Augustโ9 of the same year, the Creeks ceded more than 23 million acres of land to the U.S. federal government.
โOn Novemberโ29, 1864, pastor John Chivington massacred Indians at Sand Creek in southeastern Colorado, due toโthe opposition of a few Indians to the signing of a land grant agreement. It was one of the most notorious massacresโofโNative Americans. Maria Montoya, a professor of history at New York University, said in an interview that Chivingtonโs soldiers scalped women and children, beheaded them, and paraded them through the streets upon their return to Denver.
James Anaya, former UN special rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples,submitted his report after a country visit to the United States in 2012. According to the accounts of the descendants of the victims of the Sand Creek Massacre, in 1864, around 700 armed U.S. soldiers raided and shot at Cheyenne and Arapaho people living on the Sand Creek Indian Reservation in Colorado. Media reportsโshowed thatโthe massacre resulted in the deaths of between 70 andโ163 among theโ200-plusโtribal members. Two-thirds of the dead were women or children, and no one was held responsible for the massacre. The U.S. government had reached a compensation agreement with tribal descendants, whichโhas not been delivered even to this day.
โOn Decemberโ29, 1890, near the Wounded Knee CreekโinโSouth Dakota, U.S. troops fired at the Indians, killing and injuring more than 350 people according to the U.S. Congressional Record. After the Wounded Knee Massacre, armed Indian resistance was largely suppressed. About 20 U.S. soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor.
โIn 1930, the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs began sterilizingโIndian women through the Indian Health Service program. Sterilization wasโconducted in the name of protecting the health of Indian women, and in some cases, even performed without the womenโs knowledge. Statisticsโsuggest thatโin early 1970s, more than 42%โof Indian women of childbearing age were sterilized. This resulted in the near extinction for many small tribes. By 1976, approximately 70,000 Indian women had been forcibly sterilized.
In its early days,โthe United States regarded Indian tribes as sovereign entities and dealt with them on land, trade, justice and other issuesโlargely through negotiated treaties, and occasionally throughโwar. By 1840, the United States had concluded more than 200 treaties with various tribes, most of which were unequal treaties that were reached under U.S. military and political pressureโand throughโdeception and coercion, and were binding on the Indian tribes only. The treaties were used as a primaryโtool to take advantage ofโIndian tribes.
In 1830, the United States passed the Indian Removal Act, which marked the institutionalization of forced relocation of Indians in the country. The Act legally deprived Indian tribes of the right to live in the eastern United States, forcing some 100,000 Indians to move to the west of the Mississippi River from their ancestral lands in the south. The migration began in the summer heat and continued through the winter with subzero temperatures.โTrudging 16โmiles each day, thousands died along the way as a result of hunger, cold, exhaustion, or disease and plague. The Indian population was decimated, and the forced migration became a โTrail of Blood and Tearsโ. Tribes that refused to move were left to military suppression, forcible eviction and even massacre by the U.S. government.
In 1839, before Texas joined the United States, the government demanded thatโIndians remove immediately or face the entire destructionโof theirโpossessionsโandโthe extermination of their tribe. Large numbers of Cherokees who refused to complyโwere shot and killed.
In 1863, the U.S. military carried out a โscorchedโearthโ policyโto forcibly removeโthe Navajo tribe, burning housesโand crops, slaughtering livestock and vandalizing properties.โUnder the Armyโs watch, Navajos had to walk several hundredโkilometers to a reservation in eastern New Mexico. Pregnant women and seniors who fell behind were shot on the spot.
In the mid-19th century, nearly all American Indians were driven to the west of the Mississippi River, and forced by the U.S. government to live in Native American reservations.
As was written inโthe Cambridge Economic History of the United States, as a result of the U.S. governmentโs forcibleโexpulsion of the last Indians in the east, only a very small number of Indians who were individual citizensโof the nation, or those individual Indians who went into hiding during the forceful expulsion, remained in the region.
Sadly, to whitewash this part of history, U.S. historians often glorify the Westward Expansion as the American peopleโs pursuit of economic development in the western frontier, claiming that it accelerated the improvement of American democracy, boosted economic prosperity, and contributed to the formation and development of the American national spirit. They make no mention ofโthe brutal massacre of Native Americans.
In fact, it was after the Westward Expansion that the budding civilization of the Americas was destroyed, and the Indians, as one of the several major human races, faced complete extinction.
To defendโthe unjust deeds of the U.S. government, some American scholars in the 19th century trumpeted the dichotomy of โcivilization versus barbarismโโand portrayed Native Americans as a savage, evil, and inferior group.โFrancis Parkman, a famous 19th-century American historian,โeven claimed that the American Indian โwill not learn the arts of civilization, and he and his forest must perish together.โ
George Bancroft, Parkmanโs contemporary and another well-known American historian, also claimed that compared with the white people, Native Americans were โinferior in reason and moral qualitiesโ, addingโthatโโnor is this inferiority simply attached to the individual; it is connected with organization, and is the characteristic of the race.โโSuch an attempt toโjustifyโcolonial plundering byโdemeaningโIndians is nothing butโraciallyโdiscriminative.
Inโthe 1870s and โ80s, the U.S. government adopted a more aggressive policy of โforced assimilationโโto obliterateโthe social fabricโand culture of Indian tribes. The core objective of the strategy was to destroy the original group affiliationโas well as the ethnic and tribal identity of the Indians, and transform them intoโindividual Americans with American citizenship, civic consciousness and identification with mainstream American values. Four measures were taken toโthis end.
First, fully deprivingโIndian tribes of their right to self-governance. American Indians hadโlivedโin tribal unitsโover the years, and tribes had beenโtheir source of strength and spiritual support. The U.S.โgovernment forcibly abolished the tribal system and castโindividualโIndiansโinto aโwhite society withโcompletelyโdifferent traditions. Unable to find a jobโor make a living, the Indiansโbecameโeconomically destitute, politically deprived and socially discriminated against. They experiencedโgreat mental painโandโa deepโexistential and cultural crisis.โIn the 19th century, the thriving Cherokee tribes enjoyed a material life almost comparableโtoโthat of frontier whites. Nevertheless, with their right to self-governance andโtheir tribal systemโgradually abolished by the U.S. government, the Cherokee community quickly declinedโand became the poorest group among the indigenous people.
Second, tryingโto destroy Indian reservations through land distribution and ultimately disintegrate their tribes. The Dawes Actโpassed in 1887 authorized the U.S. president to dissolveโIndian reservations, abolish the tribal land ownership in the original reservations, and allocate land directly to Indians living inside and outside the reservations, forming a de facto land privatizationโsystem. The abolition of tribal land ownership disintegratedโtheโAmerican Indian communities,โand seriously undermined tribal authority. As the highest form of tribal unity, the traditional ritual โSun Danceโโwas regarded as โheresyโโand thusโbanned. Most of the land in the original reservations was transferred to the white people through auction; the Indians who were less prepared for farming lost their newly acquired land as a result of swindling among otherโreasons,โand their lives deterioratedโbyโtheโday.
Third, takingโsteps to fully impose American citizenship on the Indians. Native Americans who were identified asโmixed-raceโhad to give up their tribal status, and others were โde-tribalizedโ, which greatly damagedโtheโIndian identity.
Fourth, eradicating theโIndiansโโsense of community and tribal identityโby adopting measures onโeducation, language, cultureโandโreligion and a series ofโsocial policies. Beginning with the Civilization Fund Actโofโ1819, the United States established or funded boarding schools across the countryโandโforcedโIndian children to attend. According to a report by the National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition, there have beenโaltogether 367 boarding schools throughout the United States.โByโ1925, 60,889 Indian children had been forced to attendโboarding schools. Inโ1926, 83%โof Indian children wereโenrolled. The total number of students enrolled still remains unclearโto this day. Guided byโthe idea ofโโKill the Indian, Save the Manโ,โthe United States banned Indian children from speaking their native language, wearing theirโtraditional clothes,โorโcarrying out traditionalโactivities, thus erasing their language, culture and identityโinโan act of cultural genocide. Indian children suffered immenselyโatโschool,โand some died from starvation, disease and abuse. This was followed by a policy of โforced foster careโโโโchildren were forcibly placed in the care of whites, which was a continuation ofโthe assimilation policy and denial of cultural identity.โThese practices were not banned untilโ1978,โwhen the Indian Child Welfare Actโwas passed. In passing the Act, it was acknowledged in the Congress that a large number of Indian children hadโbeen removedโto non-Indianโfamilies and institutions without permission, resulting in the breakupโof Indian families.
As renowned historians said,with theโforced assimilation, one of the most despicable things in American historyโreached its peak.โThis was perhaps the most unfortunate chapterโfor Indians.
II. American Indians remainโin serious survival and development crisis
The U.S. governmentโsโgenocide of Indians has led to a precipitousโdrop in the population of Indian communities, deterioration of their living conditions, lack of social security, low economic status, threatsโtoโtheir safety, andโplummeted political influence.
Before the arrival of white settlers in 1492, there were 5 million Indians, yet by 1800 the number plummeted to 600,000. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the number of Native Americans in 1900 was only 237,000, the lowest in history. Among them, more than a dozen tribes,โsuch as the Pequot, Mohegan, and Massachusetts,โwere completely extinct.
Between 1800 and 1900, theโAmerican Indians lostโmore than halfโof their population, and theirโproportionโin the total U.S. population dropped from 10.15%โto 0.31%. Throughout the 19thโcentury, whileโthe U.S. population grew by 20-30%โevery 10 years, the Indian population experienced a precipitous decline. Currently, theโIndian and Alaska Native population accounts for only 1.3%โof the total U.S. population.
Indians were pushedโfrom the east to the barren west, and most of the Indian reservationsโwereโlocated in remote areasโunfit for agriculture, much less for investment in industrial development. Most of the tribes, with scattered reservations of varying sizes, were unableโtoโobtain adequate landโfor development and were therefore subject toโsevereโdevelopmentโrestraints.
There are currently about 310 Native American reservations in the United States, accounting for about 2.3%โof the U.S. territory, and not all federally recognized tribes have their own reservations. These reservations areโmostly located in remote and barren areas with poor living conditionsโand inadequate access toโwater and other vital resources, where 60%โof the roadโsystem areโdirt or gravelโroads. On the surface, Indians are no longer the subject ofโโexterminationโ, but just โforgottenโ,โโinvisibleโโand โdiscriminated againstโ;โyetโin reality, theyโareโsimply left there for self-extermination.
The U.S. government has also systematically used Indian reservations as toxic or nuclear waste dumps through the means of deception and coercion, subjecting them to long-term exposure to uranium and other radioactive materials. As a result,โtheโcancer incidence and fatality rates inโthe communities concerned is significantly higher than in other parts of the country. Indian communities have effectively become the โgarbage cansโโin theโdevelopment process of the United States.
For instance, inโthe Navajo Nation reservation, the largest Indian tribe in the United States๏ผabout a quarter of women and some infants have large amountsโof radioactive substancesโin their bodies. During the 40-plusโyears prior to 2009, the U.S. government had reportedly conducted a total of 928 nuclear tests in the area inhabited by the Shoshone tribe of American Indians, producing approximately 620,000 tons of radioactive fallout, nearly 48 times the amount of radioactive fallout from the 1945 atomic bombing in Hiroshima, Japan.
According to a report released by the Indian Health Service, life expectancy of American Indians is 5.5 years lower than that ofโaverage Americans, and the incidence of diabetes, chronic liver disease and alcohol addictionโare 3.2 times, 4.6 times and 6.6 timesโasโmuch as the U.S. average respectively. Academic studies show that among all ethnic groups in the United States, Indians have the shortest life expectancy and the highest infant mortality rate; the incidence of drugโandโalcohol abuse among Indian adolescents is 13.3 timesโand 1.4 times higher than the national average, and theโsuicide rate 1.9 times that of the national average. These phenomena are closely related to insufficient government investment ofโpublic health resources, underlying health inequities, and the overall underdevelopment of minority communities.
The U.S. government provides limited educational and medical assistance to Indians. 99%โof such assistance has gone to reservation residents, butโ70%โof the Indians liveโin cities andโtherefore cannot be covered. Apart from theโIndian Health Service, many Indiansโhaveโnoโaccess to health insurance and are often subject toโdiscrimination and language barriers in non-Indian health services and non-tribal health facilities.
The underprivileged statusโof Indians in health care was further exposedโamid the COVID-19 pandemic. U.S. CDC statistics show that as of August 18, 2020, the COVID-19 incidence and case-fatalityโratesโamongโIndians wereโ2.8 timesโand 1.4 times, respectively, that ofโwhite Americans. A report produced by the UNโSpecial Rapporteur on the right to adequateโhousing, pursuantโto Human Rights Council resolution 43/14,โpointsโoutโthat Native Americans and African Americans are disproportionately affected by COVID-19, with a hospitalization rate five times thatโof non-Hispanicโwhite Americans. The COVID-19 infection rate in Navajo Nation, the largest Indian reservation in the United States, evenโsurpassedโthat of New Yorkโat one point, reaching the highestโin the country.
In terms of education, the conditions of Indian reservations are much poorer thanโthose of white American communities. According to the 2013-2017โstatistics of the U.S. Census Bureau, only 14.3%โof American Indians heldโa bachelorโs degree or higher, in contrast toโ15.2%โforโHispanics, 20.6%โforโAfrican Americans and 34.5%โforโwhiteโAmericans. ManyโIndian reservationsโare struggling with dilapidatedโschoolsโandโshattered education systems.
The New York Timesโreported that only 60%โof American Indian students inโthe Wind RiverโReservationโfinished high school, while 80%โof white students in Wyoming graduated from high school;โthe dropout rate in the reservation is 40%, more than twice the state average in Wyoming;โand American Indian teens in the reservation are twice moreโlikely to commit suicide compared with their peers in the country.
Many reservations inโthe barren landโof the Midwestโhave been grappling with economic stagnation and become the poorest areasโin the country. The poverty rate of some reservationsโhas even surpassedโ85%. According to statisticsโof the U.S. Census Bureauโin 2018, the poverty rate of American Indians, at 25.4%,โwas the highest among all ethnic minorities, compared withโ20.8% for African Americans, 17.6% forโHispanics, andโ8.1%โfor whiteโAmericans. The median income of American Indian families was only 60%โthat of white families.
In a visit to the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, The Atlanticโrevealedโthat the local unemployment rate wasโas high as 80%. Most of theโIndians in the reservation livedโbelow the federal poverty line, and many families hadโno access to tap water and electricity. As the food relief provided by the federal government wasโgenerallyโhigh in sugar and calorie,โthe local diabetesโincidence rate wasโeightโtimes higher than the national average, and average life expectancy was only about 50 years.
Poor economic conditionsโhave led to serious law-and-order issues. In the Pine Ridge Reservation, unemployed youngstersโoften turn to gang culture in search ofโidentity and belonging,while alcoholism, fighting and drug abuse are commonplace in the local communities. According to a researchโby the U.S. National Institute of Justice, more than 1.5 million American Indian and Alaska Nativeโwomen in the United States, orโ84.3%โof the groupโs total population, had suffered fromโviolenceโin their lifetime. In addition, many lawbreakers tookโadvantage of the loopholes in local lawsโtoโconductโcriminal activities, leading to furtherโdeterioration of theโsecurityโconditions in the reservations.
In mainstream American politics, theโIndians and other NativeโAmericans are not choosing to be โsilentโ. Rather, they have beenโโsilencedโ by the system andโโsystematically erasedโ. American Indians have a relatively small populationโand do not have a strong interestโin politics. With a lower turnout rate in elections than that of other ethnic groups, their interests andโdemands are often ignored by politicians. As a result, American Indians have been reduced toโsecond-class citizens in the United States, and they are often called the โinvisible minorityโโor the โvanishing raceโ in the country. It was not until 1924 that the American Indiansโwereโconditionally granted U.S. citizenshipโand not until 1965 that they were given the right to vote.
In June 2020, the Native American Rights Fund and other institutions conducted a studyโon the barriersโto political participation faced by Native American voters, with the participation ofโcivil societies, legal experts, and scholars from around the country. The results showed that only 66%โof the 4.7 million eligible Native American voters were registered, andโmore than 1.5 million eligible Native American voters could not meaningfullyโexercise their right to voteโdue to political barriers. According to the results, Native American voters face 11 pervasiveโobstacles to political participation, including limited hours of government offices, lack of funding for elections,โand discrimination. In the current U.S. Congress, only four members are American Indians, accounting for about 0.74%โof the members of Congress in both houses. The political engagement andโinfluenceโof the Native Americans are disproportionatelyโlowerโthan other groups of theโAmerican population.
Native American communities have long suffered neglect and discrimination. Many U.S. government statistical programs either leave them asideโcompletelyโor simply classify them as โothersโ. Shannon KellerโOโLoughlin, Chief Executive and AttorneyโofโtheโAssociation onโAmerican Indian Affairs, said that the greatest aspiration of Native Americans is to attain social recognition. Native Americansโhave diverse cultures and languages, but are often seen not as an ethnic group, but as a political stratum with limited autonomy based on treaties with the federal government.โThe Brookings Institution recently published an article saying that the U.S. monthly employment report ignores American Indians. The economic well-beingโof this groupโreceives little attention and is largely left out of the discussion. There are nearly 200 American Indian tribes in California, only half of which are recognized by the federal government. Although the Biden administration appointed the first American Indian cabinet minister, the political participation rate and political influence of Indians are still wayโtoo low compared to their share ofโthe American population.
According to a poll conducted by the Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, more than oneโthird of Native Americans have experienced neglect, violence, humiliation and discrimination in the workplace, and American Indians living in Indian populated areas are more likely to be subject to discrimination when dealing with the police, at workโand during voting. According to the U.S. Department of the Interior, American Indians are twice as likely to be jailed for minor crimes as other ethnic groups. The incarceration rate of Indian men is four times that of white men, and the rateโof Indian women is six times that of white women.
The Atlanticโcommented that from the expulsion, slaughter and forced assimilationโbackโin history to the current widespread poverty and neglect, the American Indians, once the owner of this continent, now have a very weak voice in American society. American Indian writer Rebecca Nagel pointed out sharply that being made invisible is a new type of racial discrimination against American Indians and other indigenous peoples. The Los Angeles Timesโcommented that the unjust treatment of Native Americans is deeply embedded in the social structure and legal system of the United States.
From the 1870s to the lateโ1920s, the U.S. government forcibly implemented the system of American Indian boarding schools in Native American areas to impose Englishโand Christian education on Indian children. There were evenโcases of Indian children beingโkidnapped and forced to attend schoolsโin many places. The system of American Indian boarding schools imposed onโNative Americans, as part ofโthe history of the United States, caused irreparable damage, especially to the youthsโand children. Many Native Americansโof theโyounger generation found themselves unable toโgain a foothold in mainstream society and felt difficult to preserveโandโpromote their own traditional culture, which leaves them bewildered and anguished about their own culture and identity.
In these boarding schools,โAmerican Indian childrenโs braids, a symbol of courage, were cut off, and their traditional clothingโburned.โThey were strictly prohibited from speaking their mother tongueโand violators would be beaten hard. In these schools, military-styleโmanagementโwas imposed on Native American childrenโwhoโsuffered from not only corporal punishment by mentors, but also sexual abuse. Quite a few American Indian children fell ill andโeven died due to harsh education methods, forced way of living, homesicknessโand malnutrition.
The U.S. government hadโalso enacted laws prohibiting Native Americans from performing religious rituals which have been passed down through theโgenerations, and those involved in such activities would be arrested and imprisoned. Since the 20th century, with the rise of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, the protection of Native Americansโ traditional culture and history has improved to some extent. However, due to the serious damage that has already been inflicted, what isโleft now are mostly cultural relics preserved by later generations using theโEnglishโlanguage instead.
Rebecca Nagle believes that information about Native Americans has been systematically removed from mainstream media and popular culture. According to a report by National Indian Education Association, 87%โof state-level U.S. history textbooks do not mention the post-1900 history of indigenous people. According to the Smithsonian Institution, things taught about Native Americans in American schools are full of inaccurate information and fail to present the real picture of the sufferings of indigenous people. Rick Santorum, a former Republican senator from Pennsylvania, saidโpubliclyโat the Young Americaโs Foundation that โWe birthed a nation from nothing. I mean, there was nothing hereโ... but candidly, there isnโt much Native American culture in American culture.โ His remarks dismissed and negatedโthe influence of indigenous people in American culture.
โ ข. Domestic criticism long ignored by the U.S. governmentโoverโthe โgenocideโโof American Indians
First, the academic community has a shared view on thisโissue. Since the 1970s, American academics have begun to use the term โgenocideโ to denounce U.S. policies toward American Indians. In the 1990s, American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New Worldโby David E. Stannard, a professor at the University of Hawaii, and A Little Matter of Genocideโby Ward L. Churchill, a former professor at the University of Colorado, sent shock waves across the academic community. Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfurโby Ben Kiernan, a professor at Yale University, gave a brief account of genocides the UnitedโStates committed against American Indians at different historical stages. And An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873โby Benjamin Madley, an associate professor at UCLA, unearthed the massacres of Native Americans by the U.S. government during the California Gold Rush.
Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, an American historian dedicated to the study of indigenous peoples, concluded that all five acts of genocide listed in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocideโcan be found in the crimes the United States committed against American Indians. Native Americans are undoubtedly victims of genocide, and it is of important significance to admit that U.S. policies toward American Indians are, in fact, acts of genocide.
Second, the media has been calling for change on this issue. An article published in TheโNew York Timesโreported that the UC Hastings College of the Law was named after a perpetrator of genocide, which accelerated the process of changing the name of the college. According to ABC News, the aspirations from Native Americans range from sovereignty claims to making their voice heard. Some respondents said that the theft of American Indiansโ land and the obliteration of indigenous languages were in fact systemic genocides. The Washington Postโpublished an article accusing the United States of never formally admitting that it has taken genocidal policies toward indigenous people. A Foreign Policyโarticle demanded that the United States acknowledge its genocide of American Indians. Bounty, a documentary released in November 2021, in which some Native Americans were invited to read official historical documents on the United States posting high reward for American Indiansโโscalps, also triggered reflections on the heinous genocidal policies in the country.
As the affirmative action became prevalent after World War II, American society began to reflect on the issue of American Indians. The government passed a resolution apologizing to indigenous people. In 2019, Gavin Newsom, governor of California, issued a statement to apologize to the indigenous population in California, admitting that the stateโs actions against Indian tribes in the mid-19th century were genocides.
However, the reflection of the U.S. government looks more like a โpolitical stunt.โ It has not officially admitted that the atrocities against Native Americans are acts of genocide.โReal changes still seem a long way off.
To sum up,โsuccessive U.S. administrations have not only wiped out a large number of American Indians, but also, through systematic policy design and bullying acts of cultural suppression, thrown them into an irreversible, difficult situation. The indigenous culture was fundamentally crushed, and the inter-generational inheritance of indigenous lives and spirits was under severe threats. The slaughter, forced relocation, cultural assimilation and unjust treatment the United States committed against American Indians have constituted de facto genocides. These acts fully match the definition of genocide in the UNโConvention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, and have continued for hundreds of years to this day. It is imperative that the U.S. government drop its hypocrisy and double standards on human rights issues, and take seriously the severe racial problems and atrocities in its own country.**
่ฏท็พๅฝไบบๆญฃๅผ่ชๅทฑๆ ่ป็ๅๅฒๅ็งๆ็ญ็ป็็ฝช่กๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ฟ่ก้ๆญใ่ตๅฟใๅนถไธๆๆ็ๆ ผ้ฒๆๅ ้ไบบ ๆฌๅบ็พๆดฒๅๅฝไฝ ไปฌ็ๆ ไนกๅคงไธๅ้ข ๅๅ็ฑๅฐๅ ฐๅฐ็ๅฝใ็่ณๆฏๆฌงๆดฒใๅฐๆ ๅ่ฟ็ปๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅไฝๆฐ
็งๆ็ญ็ป๏ผgenocide๏ผ๏ผ็ฑๅคๅธ่ ๆโไบบ็งใๆฐๆๆ้จ่ฝโ๏ผgenos๏ผๅๆไธๆโๅฑ ๆใๆถ็ญโ๏ผcaedere๏ผ็ปๆ๏ผ1944ๅนด่ฏฅ่ฏ็ฑๆณขๅ ฐ็ฑ็นๅคชๆณๅพๅญฆ่ ๆๆๅฐยท่ฑๅง้ๅจๅ ถๅบ็็ใ่ฝดๅฟๅฝๅ ้ขๆฌงๆดฒๅ็็ปๆฒปใไธไนฆไธญๆๅบ๏ผๆๅๆโไธไธชๅฝๅฎถๆไธไธชๆฐๆ็ๆฏ็ญโใ
1946ๅนด่ๅๅฝๅคงไผ็ฌฌ96ๅทๅณ่ฎฎ็กฎ่ฎคไบ็ญ็ป็งๆ็ฝชๆฏๅฝ้ ๆณ่งๅฎ็ไธ้กน็ฝช่ก๏ผ่ฎคไธบโ็งๆ็ญ็ปๆฏๅฏนๆดไธชไบบ็ฑป็พคไฝ---็ๅญๆๅฉ็ๅฆๅฎ๏ผๆญฃๅฆๆไบบๆฏๅฏนไธชไบบ็ๅญๆๅฉ็ๅฆๅฎไธๆ ท๏ผ่ฟ็งๅฅๅคบ็ๅญๆ็่กไธบ้ๆไบไบบ็ฑป็่ฏ็ฅ๏ผโฆโฆๅนถไธ่ฟ่ไบ้ๅพทๆณๅไปฅๅ่ๅๅฝ็็ฒพ็ฅๅ็ฎๆ โใ
1948ๅนด12ๆ9ๆฅ๏ผ่ๅๅฝๅคงไผ้่ฟ็ฌฌ260Aๅทๅณ่ฎฎใ้ฒๆญขๅๆฉๆฒป็ญ็ป็งๆ็ฝชๅ ฌ็บฆใ๏ผๅนถไบ1951ๅนด1ๆ12ๆฅ็ๆใ่ฏฅๅณ่ฎฎ่ฎคไธบโๆๅฒไปฅๆฅ๏ผ็ญ็ป็งๆ่กไธบๆฎ็ฅธไบบ็ฑป่ณไธบๆจ็โใๅ ฌ็บฆ็ฌฌไบๆกๆ็กฎๅฎไน๏ผ็ญ็ป็งๆ็ณปๆ่ๆๅ จ้จๆๅฑ้จๆถ็ญๆไธๆฐๆใๆ่ฃใ็งๆๆๅฎๆๅขไฝ๏ผ็ฏๆไธๅ่กไธบไนไธ่ ๏ผ๏ผ1๏ผๆๅฎณ่ฏฅๅขไฝ็ๆๅ๏ผ๏ผ2๏ผ่ดไฝฟ่ฏฅๅขไฝ็ๆๅๅจ่บซไฝไธๆ็ฒพ็ฅไธ้ญๅไธฅ้ไผคๅฎณ๏ผ๏ผ3๏ผๆ ๆไฝฟ่ฏฅๅขไฝๅคไบๆ็ง็ๆดป็ถๅตไธ๏ผไปฅๆฏ็ญๅ ถๅ จ้จๆ้จๅ็็ๅฝ๏ผ๏ผ4๏ผๅผบๅถๆฝ่กไผๅพ้ปๆญข่ฏฅๅขไฝๅ ้จ็่ฒ็ๆชๆฝ๏ผ๏ผ5๏ผๅผบ่ฟซ่ฝฌ็งป่ฏฅๅขไฝ็ๅฟ็ซฅ่ณๅฆไธๅขไฝใ็พๅฝไบ1988ๅนดๆนๅ่ฏฅๅ ฌ็บฆใ
็พๅฝๅฝๅ ๆณๅฏน็งๆ็ญ็ปไนๆๆ็กฎ่งๅฎใใ็พๅฝๆณๅ ธใ็ฌฌ18ๅท1091ๆกๅฏน็งๆ็ญ็ป็ๅฎไนไธใ้ฒๆญขๅๆฉๆฒป็ญ็ป็งๆ็ฝชๅ ฌ็บฆใ็ธ่ฟ๏ผ่ฎคไธบ็งๆ็ญ็ป็ฝชๆฏไปฅๅฎๅ จๆ้จๅๆงๆฏไธไธชๆฐๆใๆ่ฃใ็งๆๆๅฎๆๅขไฝไธบ็นๅฎๆๅพ้ๅ็ๆดๅๆปๅป่กไธบใ
ๆ นๆฎๅๅฒ่ฎฐๅฝๅๅชไฝๆฅ้๏ผ็พๅฝ่ชๅปบๅฝไปฅๆฅ๏ผ้่ฟๅฑ ๆใ้ฉฑ่ตถใๅผบๅถๅๅ็ญๆๆฎต๏ผ็ณป็ปๆงๅฅๅคบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็็ๅญๆๅๅบๆฌๆฟๆฒปใ็ปๆตใๆๅๆๅฉ๏ผ่ฏๅพไป่ไฝๅๆๅไธๆถ็ญ่ฟไธ็พคไฝใๆถ่ณไปๆฅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไป้ขไธดไธฅ้็็ๅญๅฑๆบใ
ๅฏน็ งๅฝ้ ๆณๅ็พๅฝๅฝๅ ๆณ๏ผ็พๅฝๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆไฝๆไธบๆถต็ไบๅฎไน็งๆ็ญ็ป็ฝช็ๆๆ่กไธบ๏ผๆฏๆ ๅฏไบ่พฉ็็งๆ็ญ็ปใ็พๅฝใๅคไบคๆฟ็ญใๆๅฟ่ฏ่ฎบๆๅบ๏ผ้ๅฏน็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็็ฝช่กๅฎๅ จ็ฌฆๅ็ฐ่กๅฝ้ ๆณๅฏนไบ็งๆ็ญ็ป็ฝช็ๅฎไนใ
็งๆ็ญ็ป็ๆทฑ้็ฝชๅญฝๆฏ็พๅฝๆฐธ่ฟๆ ๆณๆด็ฝ็ๅๅฒๆฑก็น๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆฒ็ๆฒๅงๆฏไบบ็ฑปๆฐธ่ฟไธๅบๅฟๅด็ๅๅฒๆ่ฎญใ
ไธใ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฎๆฝ็งๆ็ญ็ป็็ฝช่ฏ
1๏ผๆฟๅบไธปๅฏผๅฎๆฝ
1776ๅนด7ๆ4ๆฅ๏ผ็พๅฝๅๅธใ็ฌ็ซๅฎฃ่จใ๏ผ็พๅฉๅๅไผๅฝๆ็ซใใ็ฌ็ซๅฎฃ่จใๆๆ่ฎฐ่ฝฝ๏ผโไป๏ผๆ่ฑๅฝๅฝ็๏ผๅจๆไปฌไธญ้ด็ ฝๅจๅ ไนฑ๏ผๅนถไธ็ซญๅๆๅ้ฃไบๆฎ้ ทๆ ๆ ใๆฒกๆๅผๅ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฅๆๆ ๆไปฌ่พน็็ๅฑ ๆฐโ๏ผๅ ฌๅผๆฑก่็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๆฏโๆฎ้ ทๆ ๆ ใๆฒกๆๅผๅโ็็งๆใ
็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅๆงๆฟ่ ๅฏนๅพ ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ๏ผๅฅ่ก็ฝไบบไผ่ถไธปไนใ็ฝไบบ่ณไธไธปไน๏ผๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ตถๅฐฝๆ็ป๏ผๅนถ่ฏๅพ้่ฟโๆๅ็ญ็ปโๆถ็ญ่ฟไธ็งๆใ
ๅจ็พๅฝ็ฌฌไธๆฌก็ฌ็ซๆไบ๏ผ1775ๅนด่ณ1783ๅนด๏ผใ็ฌฌไบๆฌก็ฌ็ซๆไบ๏ผ1812ๅนด่ณ1815ๅนด๏ผๅๅๅๆไบ๏ผ1861ๅนด่ณ1865ๅนด๏ผไธญ๏ผ็พๅฝๆงๆฟ่ ๆฅไบๆ่ฑไฝไธบๆฌงๆดฒๆฎๆฐไธปไน็ปๆต้ๅบธ็็งๆคๅญ็ปๆตๅฐไฝ๏ผๆฉๅคง้ขๅ้ข็งฏ๏ผๅฐ็ฎๅ ็ๅไบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆไธญๅคง้็ๅๅฐ๏ผๅๅจไบไธๅๆฌกๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝ็่ขญๅป๏ผๅฑ ๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็้ฆ้ขใๅฃซๅ ตไน่ณๅนณๆฐ๏ผๅฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๅๅฐๅ ไธบๅทฑๆใ
1862ๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝ้ขๅธใๅฎ ๅฐๆณใใ่ฏฅๆณ่งๅฎ๏ผๆฏไธชๅนดๆปก21ๅฒ็็พๅฝๅ ฌๆฐๅช้็ผด็บณ10็พๅ ็ป่ฎฐ่ดน๏ผๅฐฑ่ฝๅจ่ฅฟ้จ่ทๅพไธ่ถ ่ฟ160่ฑไบฉ๏ผ็บฆๅ64.75ๅ ฌ้กท๏ผ็ๅๅฐใๅจๅๅฐ็่ฏฑๆไธ๏ผ็ฝไบบ็บท็บท่ทๅฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆๅจๅบๅๅฑๅผๅคง่ๅฑ ๆ๏ผ่ขซๆๅฎณ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆๅไธไธใ
ๆถไปป็พๅฝๆฟๅบ้ขๅฏผไบบๆพๅ ฌๅผ็งฐ๏ผโ็จๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็็ฎๅฏไปฅๅๅบไผ่ดจ็้ฟ็ญ้ดโ๏ผโๅฟ ้กป็ญ็ปๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆๆไปไปฌ่ตถๅฐๆไปฌไธๅป็ๅฐๆนโ๏ผโๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฟ ้กป่ฟ ้่ขซๆถ็ญโ๏ผโๅชๆๆญปๆ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆๆฏๅฅฝ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบโใ็พๅฝๅไบบ่งๅฑ ๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅคฉ็ปๅฐไน๏ผ็่ณๆฏไธ็ง่ฃ่๏ผโไธๆไปไปฌๆๅ ๅณไธไผ็ฝขไผโใ็ฑปไผผไป่ง่จ่ฎบไธๆด่กไธ่ๆไธพ๏ผๅจ่ฏธๅค็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็ญ็ปไธ่ไธญๅๆ่ฏฆ็ป่ฎฐ่ฝฝใ
2๏ผ่ก่ ฅๅฑ ๆๅๆด่ก
่ชๆฎๆฐ่ ่ธ่ถณๅ็พๆดฒๆถ่ตท๏ผๅฐฑๆ่ฎกๅๅฐๅคง่งๆจก็ๆๅ็พ้็๏ผๆญ็ปๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็้ฃ็ฉๅๅบๆฌ็ๆดปๆฅๆบ๏ผๅฏผ่ดไปไปฌๅ ้ฅฅ้ฅฟ่ๆๆนๆญปไบกใ
ๆฎ็ป่ฎก๏ผ่ช1776ๅนด็พๅฝๅฎฃๅธ็ฌ็ซๅ๏ผ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅ ๅๅๅจไบ่ถ ่ฟ1500ๆฌก่ขญๅป๏ผๆปๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝ๏ผๅฑ ๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผๅ ้ขไปไปฌ็ๅๅฐ๏ผ็ฝช่ก็ฝ็ซน้พไนฆใ1814ๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝ้ขๅธๆณไปค๏ผ่งๅฎๆฏไธ็ผดไธไธชๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๅคด็็ฎ๏ผ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅฐๅฅๅฑ50่ณ100็พๅ ใๅผ้ทๅพท้ๅ ยท็น็บณๅจ1893ๅนดๅ่กจ็ใ่พน็ๅจ็พๅฝๅๅฒไธ็้่ฆๆงใไธญๆฟ่ฎค๏ผโๆฏๆก่พน็้ฝๆฏ้่ฟไธ็ณปๅๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆไบ่่ทๅพ็ใโ
ๅ ๅทๆท้ๆฝฎไบฆๅธฆๆฅๅ ๅทๅคงๅฑ ๆใ้ฆไปปๅ ๅทๅท้ฟๅฝผๅพยทไผฏๅ ็นๆๅบ่ฆๅฏน็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๅๅจ็ญ็ปไนๆ๏ผๅทๅ ็ญ็ปๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅผๅฃฐ้ซๆถจใๅจๅไนไธ็บชไบๅ ญๅๅนดไปฃ็ๅ ๅท๏ผไธไธชๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๅคด้ข ๆๅคด็ฎ่ฝๆข5็พๅ ๏ผ่ๅฝๆถ็ๆฅๅๅทฅ่ตๆฏ25็พๅใไป1846ๅนด่ณ1873ๅนด๏ผๅ ๅทๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฃไป15ไธ่ท่ฝ่ณ3ไธใๆญปไบๆด่ก็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไธ่ฎกๅ ถๆฐใไธไบ้ๅคง็ๅฑ ๆไบไปถๅ ๆฌ๏ผ
โ1811ๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝๅ้ๅจ่็ฎๅก่ฏบๅคงๆไธญๅป่ดฅ่ๅ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้ฆ้ข็นๅบๅงๅกๅไป็ๅ้๏ผ็งๆฏๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้ฆๅบๅ ็ฅ้ๅนถๅฎๆฝๆฎ้ ท็ๅฑ ๆใ
โ1813ๅนด11ๆ่ณ1814ๅนด1ๆ๏ผ็พๅๅๅจ้ๅฏน็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็ๅ ้ๅ ๆไบ๏ผๅ็งฐ้ฉฌ่นๆนพไนๆใ1814ๅนด3ๆ27ๆฅ๏ผๅจๅฏ่ฅฟ่ฅฟๆฏ้ขๅฐ้ฉฌ่นๆนพ๏ผ็บฆ3000ๅๅฃซๅ ตๅๅ ้ๅ ๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅ่ตท่ฟๆปใๅจ่ฟๆฌกๆๆไธญ๏ผ800ๅคๅๅ ้ๅ ๆๆๅฃซๆจ้ญๅฑ ๆ๏ผๅ ้ๅ ๆ็ๅไบๅฎๅไปๆญคๅคงไธบๅๅผฑใๆ นๆฎๅๅนด8ๆ9ๆฅ็ญพ่ฎข็ใๆฐๅ ้ๅ กๆก็บฆใ๏ผๅ ้ๅ ๆไบบๅฐ2300ๅคไธ่ฑไบฉ็ๅๅฐๅฒ่ฎฉ็ป็พๅฝ่้ฆๆฟๅบใ
โ1864ๅนด11ๆ29ๆฅๅ ๅฐๆฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅๅฏน็ญพ่ฎขๅบ่ฎฉๅๅฐ็ๅ่ฎฎ๏ผ็พๅฝ็งๅธ็บฆ็ฟฐยทๅฅๆ้กฟๅจ็ง็ฝๆๅคๅทไธๅ้จ็ๆฒๆบชๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ฟ่กๅฑ ๆใ่ฟไนๆฏๆ่ญๅๆญ่็ไธๆฌก็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๅคงๅฑ ๆใ็พๅฝ็บฝ็บฆๅคงๅญฆๅๅฒ็ณปๆๆ็ๅฉไบยท่ๆไบๅจ้่ฎฟไธญๆๅฐ๏ผๅฅๆ้กฟ็ๅฃซๅ ตไปฌๅฅไธๅฆๅฅณๅฟ็ซฅ็ๅคด็ฎ๏ผ็ ไธไปไปฌ็ๅคด๏ผๅนถไธๅจๅๅฐไธนไฝๅๆธธ่ก็คบไผใ
่ๅๅฝๅ่ไบบๆๅฉ้ฎ้ข็นๅซๆฅๅๅ้ฟ็บณไบๅจ2012ๅนด่ฎฟ็พๅๆไบคๅฝๅซ่ฎฟ้ฎๆฅๅ๏ผ็งฐๆฒๆบชๅคงๅฑ ๆไบไปถๅๅฎณ่ ๅ่ฃๆง่ฏ๏ผ1864ๅนด็บฆ700ๅ็พๆญฆ่ฃ ๅฃซๅ ตๅฏนไฝๅจ็ง็ฝๆๅคๅทๆฒๆบช่พนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไฟ็ๅฐ็ๅคๅฎๅ้ฟๆๅธ้ๆไบบ่ฟ่ก็ช่ขญๅๅฐๆใๆฎๅชไฝๆฅ้๏ผๆญคๆฌกๅฑ ๆไบไปถ้ ๆ200ไฝๅ้จ่ฝๆๅไธญ70่ณ163ไบบๆญปไบก๏ผไธๅไนไบ็ๆญป่ ๆฏๅฆๅฅณๆๅฟ็ซฅ๏ผๆ ไบบไธบๆญคๆฌกๅฑ ๆ่ด่ดฃใ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๆพๅ้จ่ฝๅ่ฃ่พพๆ่ตๅฟๅ่ฎฎ๏ผไฝ่ณไปๆชๅฑฅ่กใ
โ1890ๅนด12ๆ29ๆฅ๏ผๅจๅ่พพ็งไปๅท็ไผค่ๆฒณ้่ฟ๏ผ็พๅๅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฐๅป๏ผๆฎ็พๅฝๅฝไผ่ฎฐๅฝ๏ผๆญปไผค่ ่ถ ่ฟ350ไบบใไผค่ๆฒณๅคงๅฑ ๆๅ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆญฆ่ฃ ๅๆๅบๆฌ่ขซ้ๅ๏ผ็บฆ20ๅ็พๅๅฃซๅ ต่ฟ่ขซๆไบ่ฃ่ชๅ็ซ ใ
โ1930ๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบๅกๅฑ้่ฟโๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฅๅบทๆๅกโ้กน็ฎๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฆๅฅณๅฎๆฝ็ป่ฒใ็ป่ฒๆๆฏๆ็ไฟๆคๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฆๅฅณๅฅๅบท็ๆๅท๏ผ้จๅๆๆฏ็่ณๅจๅฆๅฅณไธ็ฅๆ ็ๆ ๅตไธ่ฟ่กใๆฎ็ป่ฎก๏ผ20ไธ็บช70ๅนดไปฃๅ๏ผ่ถ ่ฟ42๏ผ ่ฒ้พๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฆๅฅณ่ขซ็ป่ฒใๅฏนๅพๅคๅฐ้จ่ฝ่่จ๏ผ่ฟๅ ไนๅฏผ่ดๆดไธช้จ่ฝ็ญ็ปใๆช่ณ1976ๅนด๏ผๅคง็บฆ7ไธๅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฆๅฅณ่ขซๅผบๅถ็ป่ฒใ
3๏ผ่ฅฟ่ฟ่ฟๅจๅๅผบๅถ่ฟ็งป
็พๅฝๅปบๅฝไนๅ่งๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝไธบไธปๆๅฎไฝ๏ผไธป่ฆไพ้ ๅ็ญพๆก็บฆ็ๆนๅผไธๅ ถ่ฟ่กๅๅฐใ่ดธๆใๅธๆณ็ญ้ฎ้ขไบคๆถ๏ผๅถๅฐไธๅ ถๅ็ๆไบใๆช่ณ1840ๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝไธๅ้จ่ฝ่พพๆ200ๅค้กนๆก็บฆ๏ผๅ ถไธญๅคๆฐๆฏๅจ็พๅฝๅไบๅๆฟๆฒปๅๅไธ่พพๆ็ไธๅนณ็ญๆก็บฆ๏ผๅ ๆปกๆฌบ็ๅ้ชใๅจ้ผๅฉ่ฏฑ๏ผๅชๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝๅ ทๆ็บฆๆๅ๏ผๆฏๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝๅทงๅ่ฑชๅคบ็ไธป่ฆๅทฅๅ ทใ
1830ๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝ้่ฟใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ฟ็งปๆณๆกใ๏ผๆ ๅฟ็็พๅฝๅผบ่ฟซๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ฟ็งป็ๅถๅบฆๅใ่ฏฅๆณๆกๆดไปๆณๅพไธๅฅๅคบไบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้จ่ฝๅจ็พๅฝไธ้จๅฑ ไฝ็ๆๅฉ๏ผ่ฟซไฝฟ็บฆ10ไธๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไปๅ้จๆ ๅ่ฟ็งป่ณๅฏ่ฅฟ่ฅฟๆฏๆฒณไปฅ่ฅฟใ่ฟๅพๅผๅงไบ็็ๅคๆฅ๏ผๅ็ปๆฐๆธฉ่พพๅฐ้ถไธ็ๅฌๅคฉ๏ผๆฏๆฅๅพๆญฅ16่ฑ้๏ผๆๅไธไธไบบๅ ้ฅฅๅฏไบค่ฟซใๅณ็ดฏ่ฟๅบฆๆ็พ็ ็็ซๆญปไบ้ไธญ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฃๆฐ้้ๅ๏ผๅผบ่ฟไน่ทฏๅไธบโ่กๆณชไน่ทฏโใๆ็ป่ฟ็งป็้จ่ฝๅ่ขซ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅๅ ตๅพ่ฎจใๆดๅ่ฟซ่ฟ็่ณๅฑ ๆใ
ๅพๅ ่จๆฏๅ ๅ ฅ็พๅฝๅ็1839ๅนด๏ผๆฟๅบ่ฆๆฑๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ซๅปๆค็ฆป๏ผๅฆๅๆฏๅ ถๆๆใ็ญๅ ถ้จ่ฝ๏ผๅฏผ่ดๅคง้ไธ่ฏๅฐฑ่็ๅ็ฝๅบไบบ่ขซๆชๆใ
1863ๅนด๏ผ็พๅๅฏน็บณ็ฆ้้จ่ฝๆง่กโ็ฆๅๆฟ็ญโ๏ผไปฅ็งๅ ถๆฟๅฑใ็ๅ ถๅบ็จผใๆๅ ถๅฎถ็ใๆฏๅ ถ่ดขไบง็ธ่่ฟซ๏ผๆญฆ่ฃ ๆผ้็บณ็ฆ้ไบบๆญฅ่กๆฐ็พๅ ฌ้ๅฐๆฐๅขจ่ฅฟๅฅไธ้จไฟ็ๅฐ๏ผ่ทไธไธ้ไผ็ๅญๅฆ่ไบบ่ขซ็ดๆฅๆชๆใ
19ไธ็บชไธญๅถ๏ผๅ ไนๆๆ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้ฝ่ขซ้ฉฑ่ตถๅฐไบๅฏ่ฅฟ่ฅฟๆฏๆฒณไปฅ่ฅฟ๏ผๆฟๅบๆไปไปฌๅผบๅถๅฎๆๅจๅไฝๆฐไฟ็ๅฐๅ ็ๆดปใ
ใๅๆกฅ็พๅฝ็ปๆตๅฒใไธญๅ้๏ผโ็ฑไบ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅฏนไธ้จๅฐๅบๆๅ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ฟ่กไบๆญฆๅ้ฉฑ้๏ผๅ ๆญค๏ผ่ฏฅๅฐๅบๅชๅฉไธๆๅฐๆฐ็ไฝไธบๅไธชๅฝๅฎถๅ ฌๆฐ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผๆ่ ๅจๆญฆๅ้ฉฑ้ไธญ่บฒ่่ตทๆฅ็้ฃไบไธชๅซๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบใโ
ๅฏๆฒ็ๆฏ๏ผไธบไบ็พๅๅๅฒ๏ผ็พๅฝๅๅฒๅญฆๅฎถๅธธๅธธๅฐโ่ฅฟ่ฟ่ฟๅจโ็พๅไธบ็พๅฝไบบๆฐๅฏน่ฅฟ้จ็ๅ็็ปๆตๅผๅ๏ผๅฎฃ็งฐๅ ้ไบ็พๅฝ็ๆฟๆฒปๆฐไธปๅ่ฟ็จ๏ผไฟ่ฟไบ็พๅฝ็็ปๆตๅๅฑ๏ผไฟๆไบ็พๅฝๆฐๆ็ฒพ็ฅ็ๅฝขๆไธๅๅฑ๏ผๅดๅฏน้่ฎๅฑ ๆ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็่กไธบๅชๅญไธๆใ
ไบๅฎไธ๏ผๆญฃๆฏ่ฅฟ่ฟ่ฟๅจๅ๏ผๅคไบ่่ฝ็ถๆ็็พๆดฒๆๆ่ขซๆฏ็ญ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไฝไธบไบบ็ฑปๅ ๅคงไบบ็งไนไธ๏ผ้ขไธด่ขซๆดไฝ็ญ็ป็ๅขๅฐใ
4๏ผๅผบๅถๅๅๅๆๅ็ญ็ป
ไธบไบ็ป็พๅฝๆฟๅบ็ไธไน่กๅพ่พฉๆค๏ผไธไบ19ไธ็บช็็พๅฝๅญฆ่ ๅคง่็ ฝๅจโๆๆๅฏน้่ฎโ็ไบๅ ๅฏน็ซ่ฎบ๏ผๅฐ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๅก้ ๆไธ็ง้่ฎใ้ชๆถใไฝ็ญ็ๆ็พคใ19ไธ็บช็็พๅฝ็ฅๅๅๅฒๅญฆๅฎถๅธๅ ๆผๅฃฐ็งฐ๏ผ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐโๆ ๆณๅญฆไน ๆๆ็ๅ็งๆ่บ๏ผไปไปฌๅๅ ถๆฃฎๆ้ฝๅฟ ๅฐๅ ฑๅๆถๅคฑโใ
ๅๆถไปฃ็ๅฆไธไฝ็พๅฝ็ฅๅๅๅฒๅญฆๅฎถ็ญๅ ็ฝๅคซ็นไนๅฃฐ็งฐ๏ผ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐโๅจๆจ็ๅ้ๅพทๅ่ดจๆน้ขๆฏ็ฝไบบไฝๅฃ๏ผ่ไธ่ฟ็งไฝๅฃไธไป ไป ๆฏ้ๅฏนไธชไบบ่่จ็๏ผ่ๆฏไธๅ ถ็ป็ปๆๅ ณ๏ผๆฏๆดไธชๆ็พค็็นๅพโใ่ฟ็งไธบไบ็ปๆฎๆฐๆ ๅคบ่กๅพ่พฉๆค่่ๆ่ดฌไฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็่จ่ฎบ๏ผๅ ๆปก็งๆๆญง่ง็่ฒๅฝฉใ
ไป19ไธ็บช70ๅนดไปฃๅผๅงๅฐ19ไธ็บช80ๅนดไปฃ๏ผ็พๅฝๆฟๅบ้ๅๆดๅ ๆฟ่ฟ็โๅผบๅถๅๅโๆฟ็ญ๏ผๆถ็ญๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝ็็คพไผ็ป็ป็ปๆๅๆๅใๅผบๅถๅๅๆ็ฅ็ๆ ธๅฟ็ฎๆ ๏ผๅจไบ็ ด้คๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅๆ็็พคไฝไพๆใๆ็พค่บซไปฝๅ้จ่ฝ่ฎคๅ๏ผๅนถๅฐๅ ถๆน้ ไธบๅไธไธชไฝใๅ ทๆ็พๅฝๅ ฌๆฐ่บซไปฝใๅ ฌๆฐๆ่ฏๅนถ่ฎคๅ็พๅฝไธปๆตไปทๅผ่ง็็พๅฝๅ ฌๆฐใไธบๆญค้ๅไบๅๆน้ขๆชๆฝ๏ผ
ไธๆฏๅ จ้ขๅฅๅคบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝ็่ชๆฒปๆใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅคๅนดๆฅไปฅ้จ่ฝไธบๅไฝ็ๅญ๏ผ้จ่ฝๆฏๅ ถๅ้ๆบๆณๅ็ฒพ็ฅๅฏๆใ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅผบ่กๅบ้ค้จ่ฝๅถ๏ผๅฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไปฅไธชไฝๅฝขๅผๆๅ ฅไธๅ ถไผ ็ปๆช็ถไธๅ็็ฝไบบ็คพไผ๏ผไฝฟๅ ถๆ ๅๅฏปๆพๅทฅไฝๅๅฎ่บซ็ซๅฝ๏ผๅจ็ปๆตไธไธ่ดซๅฆๆด๏ผๅจๆฟๆฒปๅ็คพไผไธ้ฅฑๅๆญง่ง๏ผ้ญๅๅทจๅคง็ฒพ็ฅ็่ฆๅๆทฑๅป็็ๅญๅฑๆบใๆๅๅฑๆบใ19ไธ็บช็ๅ็ฝๅบ้จ่ฝๅๆฌๆฌฃๆฌฃๅ่ฃ๏ผๅจ็ฉ่ดจ็ๆดปไธไธ่พน็็ฝไบบไธ็ธไธไธ๏ผไฝ้็็พๅฝๆฟๅบ้ๆญฅๅๆถๅ ถ่ชๆฒปๆใๅบ้ค้จ่ฝๅถ๏ผๅ็ฝๅบ็คพไผ่ฟ ้่กฐ่ดฅ๏ผๆฒฆไธบๅ่ๅฑ ๆฐไธญๆ่ดซๅฐ็ไบบ็พคใ
ไบๆฏไปฅๅๅฐๅ้ ็ๅฝขๅผ๏ผ่ฏๅพๆงๆฏๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไฟ็ๅฐ๏ผ่ฟ่็ฆ่งฃๅ ถ้จ่ฝใ1887ๅนด้่ฟ็ใ้ๆฏๆณๆกใๆๆๆป็ป่งฃๆฃๅไฝๆฐไฟ็ๅฐ๏ผๅบ้คๅไฟ็ๅฐๅ ๅฎ่ก็้จ่ฝๅๅฐๆๆๅถ๏ผๅฐๅๅฐ็ดๆฅๅ้ ็ปๅฑ ไฝๅจไฟ็ๅฐๅ ๅค็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผๅฝขๆๅฎ้ ไธ็ๅๅฐ็งๆๅถๅบฆใ้จ่ฝๅๅฐๆๆๅถ็ๅบ้คไฝฟๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ็คพไผ่งฃไฝ๏ผ้จ่ฝๆๅจ้ญๅๆฒ้ๆๅปใโๅคช้ณ่โไฝไธบ้จ่ฝๅข็ป็ๆ้ซๅฝขๅผ๏ผๅ ่ขซ่งไธบโๅผ็ซฏ่กไธบโ่้ญๅฐๅ็ผใๅไฟ็ๅฐไธญๅคง้จๅๅๅฐ้่ฟๆๅ่ฝฌๅ ฅ็ฝไบบไนๆ๏ผๅฏนๅกๅๆฏซๆ ๅๅค็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅจๅๅพๅๅฐๅไธไน ไนๅ ๅ้ช็ญๅ็งๅๅ ๅคฑๅปๅๅฐ๏ผ็ๆดปๆฅ่ถๆถๅใ
ไธๆฏ้ๆญฅๅนถๆ็ปๅ จ้ขๅผบๅ ็ปๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็พๅฝโๅ ฌๆฐโ่บซไปฝใ่ขซ่ฎคๅฎไธบโๆทท่กโ็ๅไฝๆฐๅฟ ้กปๆพๅผ้จ่ฝๅฐไฝ๏ผๅ ถไปไบบไน่ขซโๅป้จ่ฝๅโ๏ผๆๅคงๅฐๆๅฎณไบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็่บซไปฝ่ฎคๅใ
ๅๆฏ้่ฟๆ่ฒใ่ฏญ่จใๆๅใๅฎๆ็ญๆชๆฝๅไธ็ณปๅ็คพไผๆฟ็ญ๏ผๆ น้คๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆ็พคๆ่ฏๅ้จ่ฝ่ฎคๅใไป1819ๅนดใๆๆๅผๅๅบ้ๆณๆกใๅผๅง๏ผ็พๅฝๅจๅ จๅฝ่ๅดๅ ่ฎพ็ซๆ่ตๅฉๅฏๅฎฟๅญฆๆ ก๏ผๅผบ่ฟซๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅๅ ฅๅญฆใๆ นๆฎ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฏๅฎฟๅญฆๆ กๆฒปๆ่็ๆฅๅๆพ็คบ๏ผๅๅฒไธๅ จ็พๅ ฑๆ367ๅฎถๅฏๅฎฟๅญฆๆ ก๏ผ่ณ1925ๅนด๏ผ60889ๅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅ่ขซ่ฟซๅฐฑๅญฆ๏ผ่ณ1926ๅนด๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅๅฐฑ่ฏปๆฏไพ้ซ่พพ83๏ผ ๏ผไฝๅฐฑ่ฏปๅญฆ็ๆปๆฐ่ณไปไปไธๆ็กฎใๆฌ็โๆนๅปๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๆๅ๏ผๆฏๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบโ็็ๅฟต๏ผ็พๅฝ็ฆๆญขๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅ่ฎฒๆฐๆ่ฏญ่จใ็ๆฐๆๆ่ฃ ใๅฎๆฝๆฐๆๆดปๅจ๏ผๆนๅปๅ ถ่ฏญ่จใๆๅๅ่บซไปฝ่ฎคๅ๏ผๅฎๆฝๆๅ็ญ็ปใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅๅจๆ ก้ฅฑๅๆ็ฃจ๏ผ้จๅๅ ้ฅฅ้ฅฟใ็พ็ ๅ่ๅพ ๆญปไบกใๆญคๅ๏ผๅๆจๅบโๅผบ่ฟซๅฏๅ ปโๆฟ็ญ๏ผๅผบ่กๅฐๅฟ็ซฅไบค็ป็ฝไบบๆๅ ป๏ผๅปถ็ปญๅๅๆฟ็ญ๏ผๅฅๅคบๆๅ่ฎคๅใๆญค็ฐ่ฑก็ด่ณ1978ๅนด็พๅฝ้่ฟใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅ็ฆๅฉๆณใๆ่ขซ็ฆๆญขใ็พๅฝไผๅจ้่ฟ่ฏฅๆณๆถๆฟ่ฎค๏ผโๅคง้ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅๅจๆช็ปๅ ่ฎธ็ๆ ๅตไธ่ขซ่ฝฌ็งป่ณ้ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฎถๅบญๅๆบๆ๏ผ้ ๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฎถๅบญ็็ ด็ขโใ
่ๅๅๅฒๅญฆๅฎถไบจๅฉยทๆฏ่ๅฐยทๅบท้ฉฌๆฐ็ญไบบๆ่ฏด๏ผ็ฑไบๅผบๅถๅๅ๏ผโ็พๅฝๅๅฒไธๆๅๅฃ็ไบๆ ไนไธโฆโฆๅๅฑๅฐ็ปๅณฐ้ ๆ็ๅฐๆญฅ๏ผ่ฟไน่ฎธๆฏๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆไธๅนธ็้ถๆฎตใโ
ไบใ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ณไปไป้ขไธดไธฅ้็ๅญๅๅฑๅฑๆบ
็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅๆงๆฟ่ ๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็็งๆ็ญ็ป๏ผๅฏผ่ดๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆ็พค็ไบบๅฃๆฐ้ๆญๅดๅผ้ๅ๏ผ็ๆดป็ฏๅขๆถๅ๏ผ็คพไผไฟ้็ผบๅคฑ๏ผ็ปๆตๅฐไฝไฝไธไธๅฎๅ จๅๅฐๅจ่๏ผๆฟๆฒปๅฝฑๅๅไธ่ฝๅไธใ
1๏ผไบบๅฃ้ๅ
ๅจ1492ๅนด็ฝไบบๆฎๆฐ่ ๅฐๆฅไนๅๆ500ไธๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผไฝๅฐ1800ๅนดๆฐ้้ๅไธบ60ไธไบบใๅฆๆฎ็พๅฝไบบๅฃๆฎๆฅๅฑๆฐๆฎๆพ็คบ๏ผ1900ๅนด็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๆฐ้ไธบๅฒไธๆไฝ๏ผไป ไธบ23.7ไธไบบใๅ ถไธญ๏ผ่ฃดๅฅ็นใ่ซ่ฅฟๅนฒใ้ฉฌ่จ่ฏธๅก็ญๅไฝไธช้จ่ฝๅฎๅ จ็ญ็ปใ
่ช1800ๅนด่ณ1900ๅนด้ด๏ผ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฐ้ๅๅฐ่ถ ่ฟไธๅไปฅไธ๏ผๅ ็พๅฝๆปไบบๅฃๆฐ้ๆฏไพไนไป10.15๏ผ ไธ้่ณ0.31๏ผ ใๆดไธชๅไนไธ็บช๏ผๅจ็พๅฝไบบๅฃๆฏ้10ๅนดๅฐฑๆ20๏ผ โ30๏ผ ็ๅข้ฟๆถ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฐ้ๅด็ปๅไบๆญๅดๅผๅๅฐใ็ฎๅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅ้ฟๆๆฏๅ ๅไฝๆฐ็ไบบๅฃๆฐ้ไป ๅ ็พๅฝๆปไบบๅฃ็1.3๏ผ ใ
2๏ผ็ๆดป็ฏๅขๆถๅ
ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไปไธ้จ่ขซ้ฉฑ่ตถๅฐ่ดซ็ ็่ฅฟ้จๅฑ ไฝ๏ผไธๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไฟ็ๅฐๅคงๅคไฝ็ฝฎ่ๅป๏ผไธ้ๅๅๅฑๅไธ๏ผๆดไธไผๆไบบๅปๆ่ตๅๅฑๅทฅไธ๏ผๅๅ ไธๅๅธ้ถๆฃใ้ข็งฏๅคงๅฐไธไธ๏ผๅคงๅค้จ่ฝๆ ๆณ่ทๅพ่ถณๅคๅคง็ๅๅฐ่ฟ่กๅผๅ๏ผไธฅ้้ๅถไบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๅๅฑใ็พๅฝ็ฎๅ็บฆๆ310ไธชๅไฝๆฐไฟ็ๅฐ๏ผ้ข็งฏ็บฆๅ ็พๅฝ้ขๅ้ข็งฏ2.3๏ผ ๏ผไธๆฏๆๆ่้ฆ่ฎคๅฎ็้จ่ฝ้ฝๆๅ ถไฟ็ๅฐใไฟ็ๅฐๅคไฝไบๅ่ฟไธ่ดซ็ ็ๅฐๆน๏ผ็ๅญๆกไปถๅทฎ๏ผ็ผบไนๆฐดๅๅ ถไป้่ฆ่ตๆบ๏ผๅ ฌ่ทฏ็ณป็ปๆ่ถ ่ฟ60๏ผ ไธบๅ่ทฏๆ็ข็ณ่ทฏใ่กจ้ข็๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไปโ่ขซ็ญ็ปโๅไธบโ่ขซ้ๅฟโโ่ขซ้ๅฝขโโ่ขซๆญง่งโ๏ผๅฎๅไธบ่ขซโๆพไปป็ญ็ปโใ
็พๅฝๆฟๅบ่ฟ้่ฟๆฌบ้ชใๅผบ่ฟซ็ญๆนๅผ๏ผๅฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไฟ็ๅฐ็ณป็ปๆง็จไฝๆๆฏๆๆ ธๅบๆๅพๅๅบ๏ผ้ฟๆๆด้ฒไบ้็ญๆพๅฐๆง็ฉ่ดจๅฑๅฎณไธ๏ผ่ดไฝฟ็ธๅ ณ็คพๅบ็็็ ๅ็ๅ็ ๆญป็ๆๆพ้ซไบๅ จ็พๅ ถไปๅฐๅบใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ็คพๅบๅฎ้ ไธๆไธบ็พๅฝๅๅฑ่ฟ็จไธญ็โๅๅพๆกถโใไปฅๅ จ็พๆๅคง็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝ็บณ็ฆ้ๆไฟ็ๅฐไธบไพ๏ผ่ฏฅ้จ่ฝ็บฆ1๏ผ4ๅฆๅฅณๅไธไบๅฉดๅฟ็ไฝๅ ๅซๆ้ซๆตๅบฆๆพๅฐๆง็ฉ่ดจใๆๆฅ้ๆๅ๏ผๅจ2009ๅนดๅ็40ๅคๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅจ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ่่ๅฐผ้จ่ฝๅบๅๆป่ฎก่ฟ่กไบ928ๆฌกๆ ธ่ฏ้ช๏ผไบง็ไบๅคง็บฆ62ไธๅจ็ๆพๅฐๆงๆฒ้็ฉ๏ผๆฏ1945ๅนดๆฅๆฌๅนฟๅฒๅๅญๅผน็็ธๅๆไบง็็ๆพๅฐๆงๆฒ้็ฉ็่ฟ48ๅใ
3๏ผ็คพไผไฟ้็ผบๅคฑ
ๆ นๆฎ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฅๅบทๆๅกๅฑๅๅธ็ๆฅๅ๏ผ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้ขๆๅฏฟๅฝๆฏ็พๅฝไบบๅนณๅๅฏฟๅฝไฝ5.5ๅฒ๏ผ็ณๅฐฟ็ ใๆ ขๆง่็ ๅ้ ็ฒพไพ่ต็็ๅ็ ็ๅๅซๆฏ็พๅฝๅนณๅ็3.2ๅใ4.6ๅๅ6.6ๅใ็ธๅ ณๅญฆๆฏ็ ็ฉถๆพ็คบ๏ผๅจ็พๅฝๅๆ่ฃ็พคไฝไธญ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็้ขๆๅฏฟๅฝๆ็ญใๅฉดๅฟๆญปไบก็ๆ้ซ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้ๅฐๅนด่ฏ็ฉๆปฅ็จ็ๅ็็้ซๅบๅ จๅฝๅนณๅๆฐดๅนณ13.3ๅ๏ผ้ ้ ๅ็็้ซๅบ1.4ๅ๏ผ่ชๆ็ไธบๅ จๅฝๅนณๅๆฐดๅนณ็1.9ๅใ่ฟไบ็ฐ่ฑกไธๆฟๅบๅ ฌๅ ฑๅป็่ตๆบๆๅ ฅไธ่ถณใๆฝๅจ็ๅฅๅบทไธๅนณ็ญใๅฐๆฐๆ่ฃ็คพๅบๆปไฝๅๅฑ่ฝๅ็ญๅ ็ด ๆฏๆฏ็ธๅ ณใ
็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆไพๆ้็ๆ่ฒๅๅป็ๆดๅฉ๏ผๅ ถไธญ99๏ผ ็ปไบไฟ็ๅฐๅฑ ๆฐ๏ผไฝ70๏ผ ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆดปๅจๅๅธไนไธญ๏ผๆ ๆณๅพๅฐ็ธๅบไฟ้ใ้คไบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅป็ๆๅกๆบๆ๏ผ่ฎธๅคๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆ ๆณ่ทๅพๅป็ไฟ้ฉ๏ผ่ๅจ้ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅป็ๆๅกๆบๆๅ้้จ่ฝๅป็ๆบๆไธญ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ปๅธธ้ขไธดๆญง่งๅ่ฏญ่จ้็ขใ
ๆฐๅ ็ซๆ ๆ้ด๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅจๅป็ๆน้ข็ๅผฑๅฟๅฐไฝ่ฟไธๆญฅๅธๆพใ็พๅฝ็พๆงไธญๅฟ็ป่ฎกๆฐๆฎๆพ็คบ๏ผๆช่ณ2020ๅนด8ๆ18ๆฅ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆฐๅ ่บ็ๆฃ็ ็ๆฏ็ฝไบบ็2.8ๅ๏ผ็ ไบก็ๆฏ1.4ๅใ่ๅๅฝไฝๆฟๆ้ฎ้ข็นๅซๆฅๅๅๆ นๆฎไบบๆ็ไบไผ43๏ผ14ๅทๅณ่ฎฎ็ผๅ็ๆฅๅๆๅบ๏ผ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๅ้่ฃ็พๅฝไบบๅๆฐๅ ็ซๆ ๅฝฑๅไธฅ้๏ผๅ ถไฝ้ข็ๆฏ้ๆ็พ่ฃ็ฝไบบ็5ๅใ็พๅฝๆๅคงๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไฟ็ๅฐ็บณ็ฆ้ๆๅฑ ไฝๅบ็ๆฐๅ ็ ๆฏๆๆ็ไธๅบฆ่ถ ่ฟ็บฝ็บฆ๏ผๆไธบๅ จ็พ็ฌฌไธใ
ๅจๆ่ฒๆน้ข๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไฟ็ๅฐ็ๆ่ฒๆกไปถๅคงๅคง่ฝๅไบ็พๅฝ็ฝไบบๅฑ ไฝๅบใๆ นๆฎ2013โ2017ๅนด็พๅฝไบบๅฃๆฎๆฅๅฑ็ๆฐๆฎ๏ผไป ๆ14.3๏ผ ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฅๆๅญฆๅฃซๅญฆไฝๆๆด้ซๅญฆๅใ็ธๆฏไนไธ๏ผ15.2๏ผ ็ๆ็พ่ฃ็พๅฝไบบใ20.6๏ผ ็้ๆดฒ่ฃ็พๅฝไบบๅ34.5๏ผ ็็ฝไบบๆฅๆๅญฆๅฃซๅญฆไฝๆๆด้ซๅญฆๅใๅพๅคๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไฟ็ๅฐ็ๅญฆๆ กๅทฒ็ป็ ด่ดฅไธๅ ช๏ผๆ่ฒไฝ็ณปๅๅดฉ็ฆปๆใ
ใ็บฝ็บฆๆถๆฅใๆฅ้๏ผๅจๆธฉๅพทๆฒณ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐไฟ็ๅฐๅญฆๆ ก๏ผๅชๆ60๏ผ ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅญฆ็ๅฎๆไบ้ซไธญๅญฆไธ๏ผ่ๆไฟๆๅท็ฝไบบๅญฆ็ๅฎๆ้ซไธญๅญฆไธ็ๆฏไพไธบ80๏ผ ๏ผไฟ็ๅฐ็่พๅญฆ็ไธบ40๏ผ ๏ผๆฏๆไฟๆๅทๅนณๅ่พๅญฆ็็ไธคๅๅค๏ผ้ๅฐๅนด่ชๆ็ๅฏ่ฝๆงๆฏ็พๅฝๅ้พไบบ็ไธคๅใ
4๏ผ็ปๆตๅๅฎๅ จๆฐดๅนณไฝไธ
่ฎธๅคๅคไบไธญ่ฅฟ้จ่ดซ็ ๅฐๅบ็ไฟ็ๅฐ็ปๆตๅๅฑๅๆป๏ผๆฒฆไธบๆ่ดซๅฐๅฐๅบ๏ผ้จๅไฟ็ๅฐ่ดซๅฐ็็่ณ่ถ ่ฟ85๏ผ ใ็พๅฝไบบๅฃๆฎๆฅๅฑ2018ๅนดๆฐๆฎๆพ็คบ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็่ดซๅฐ็ๆฏๆๆๅฐๆฐๆ่ฃไธญๆ้ซ็๏ผไธบ25.4๏ผ ๏ผ้ๆดฒ่ฃไธบ20.8๏ผ ๏ผๆ็พ่ฃไธบ17.6๏ผ ๏ผ่็ฝไบบไธบ8.1๏ผ ใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฎถๅบญๆถๅ ฅ็ไธญไฝๆฐไป ็ธๅฝไบ็ฝไบบๅฎถๅบญ็60๏ผ ใ
ใๅคง่ฅฟๆดๆๅใๆพๆข่ฎฟไฝไบ็พๅฝๅ่พพ็งไปๅท็ๆดพๆฉ้ๅฅๅไฝๆฐไฟ็ๅฐ๏ผๅ็ฐ่ฟ้็ๅคฑไธ็้ซ่พพ80๏ผ ๏ผๅคงๅคๆฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆดปๅจ่้ฆ่ดซๅฐ็บฟไนไธ๏ผ่ฎธๅคๅฎถๅบญๆ นๆฌไธ้่ชๆฅๆฐดๅ็ตใ็ฑไบ่้ฆๆฟๅบๆไพ็่กฅ่ดด้ฃๅๆฎ้้ซ็ณใ้ซ็ญ้๏ผ่ฟ้็็ณๅฐฟ็ ๅ็ ็ๆฏๅ จ็พๅนณๅๆฐดๅนณ้ซ8ๅ๏ผๅนณๅ้ขๆๅฏฟๅฝไป ็บฆ50ๅฒใ
็ปๆตๆฐดๅนณ็ไฝไธๅฏผ่ดไธฅ้็คพไผๆฒปๅฎ้ฎ้ขใๅจๆดพๆฉ้ๅฅๅไฝๆฐไฟ็ๅฐ๏ผๆ ไบๅฏๅนฒ็ๅนด่ฝปไบบๅพๅพๅจๅธฎๆดพๆๅไธญๅฏปๆฑ่บซไปฝๅๅฝๅฑๆ๏ผ้ ้ ใๆๆถใๅธๆฏๅจ่ฟ้ๅฑก่งไธ้ฒใ็พๅฝๅฎถๅธๆณ็ ็ฉถๆ็ ็ฉถๆพ็คบ๏ผๅ จ็พ่ถ ่ฟ150ไธๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅ้ฟๆๆฏๅ ๅไฝๆฐๅฅณๆงๆพ้ญๅๆดๅ๏ผๅ ่ฟไธ็พคไฝๆปไบบๅฃๆฐ็84.3๏ผ ใๆญคๅค๏ผ่ฎธๅคไธๆณๅๅญๅฉ็จไฟ็ๅฐๆณๅพๆผๆดไปไบ็ฏ็ฝช่กไธบ๏ผๅฏผ่ดๅฝๅฐๆฒปๅฎๆฏๅตๆไธใ
5๏ผๆฟๆฒปๅฐไฝไฝไธ
็พๅฝไธปๆตๆฟๆฒป็ๆไธญ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ญๅ่ๆฐๆไธๅ ถ่ฏดๆฏ้ไฝโๅคฑๅฃฐโ๏ผไธๅฆ่ฏดๆฏ่ขซ็ณป็ปโๅคๅฃฐโๅโ็ณป็ปๆงๆน้คโใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฐ้่พๅฐไธๅๆฟๆๆฟไธๅผบ๏ผๆ็ฅจ็่พๅ ถไปๆ็พคๆดไฝ๏ผๅฉ็่ฏๆฑๅพๅพ่ขซๆฟๅฎขๅฟฝ็ฅ๏ผๅฏผ่ดๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅจ็พๅฝๆฒฆไธบไบ็ญๅ ฌๆฐ๏ผ่ขซ็งฐไฝโ็ไธ่ง็็พคไฝโๆโๆญฃๅจๆถๅคฑ็็งๆโ๏ผ็ด่ณ1924ๅนดๆ่ขซๆๆกไปถๅฐ่ตไบๅ ฌๆฐๅฐไฝ๏ผ1965ๅนดๆ่ขซ่ตไบ้ไธพๆใ
2020ๅนด6ๆ๏ผ็พๅฝๅ่ๅฑ ๆฐๆๅฉๅบ้ไผ็ญ็ตๅคด๏ผ็พๅฝๅ จๅฝๅๅฐๆน็่ๆ น็ป็ปใๆณๅพ็ๅๅญฆ็ๅไธ๏ผๅฏน็พๅฝๅ่้ๆฐ้ขไธด็ๆฟๆฒปๅไธ้็ขๅฑๅผ่ฐ็ ใ็ปๆๆพ็คบ๏ผ470ไธๆ้ไธพ่ตๆ ผ็็พๅฝๅ่้ๆฐไธญ๏ผไป 66๏ผ ่ฟ่กไบๆณจๅ็ป่ฎฐใ่่ถ ่ฟ150ไธๆ้ไธพ่ตๆ ผ็ๅ่้ๆฐๅ ๆฟๆฒป้็ขๆ ๆณๆญฃๅธธ่กไฝฟ้ไธพๆๅฉใ่ฐ็ ็งฐ๏ผ็พๅฝๅ่้ๆฐๅไธๆฟๆฒป้ขไธด11้กนๆฎ้้็ข๏ผๅ ๆฌๆ้็ๆฟๅกๆๅกใ้ไธพ่ต้็ๅฎไนๅๆญง่ง็ญใ็ฎๅ็พๅฝๅฝไผไธญไป ๆ4ๅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ่ฃ่ฎฎๅ๏ผ็บฆๅ ไธค้ข่ฎฎๅๆปๆฐ็0.74๏ผ ใ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็ๆดไฝไปๆฟ็ถๅตๅๆฟๆฒปๅฝฑๅ่ฟไฝไบๅ ถๅจ็พๅฝไบบๅฃไธญ็ๆฏไพใ
็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็พคไฝ้ฟๆๅๅฐๅฟฝ่งๅๆญง่งใ็พๅฝๆฟๅบ็่ฎธๅค็ป่ฎกๆฐๆฎๅฎๅ จๅฟฝ็ฅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผๆ่็ๅฐๅฐๅ ถๅฝไธบโๅ ถไปโใ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไบๅกๅไผๆง่ก่ฃไบๅ ผๅพๅธ้ฆๅยทๅฏๅ่กจ็คบ๏ผๅไฝๆฐๆๅคง็ๆๅพ ๆฏ่ทๅพ็คพไผ่ฎคๅใโๆไปฌๆ็ๅคๆ ทๆๅๅ่ฏญ่จ๏ผไฝๅด็ปๅธธไธ่ขซๅฝไฝไธไธชๆ่ฃๆฅ็ๅพ ๏ผ่ๅชๆฏ่ขซ็ไฝไธไธชๆฟๆฒป้ถๅฑ๏ผๅบไบๆไปฌๅ่้ฆ็ๆก็บฆๆฅๅๅพๆ้็่ชๆฒปๆใโๅธ้ฒ้ๆฏๅญฆไผ่ฟๆๅๆ็งฐ๏ผ็พๅฝๆๅบฆๅฐฑไธๆฅๅๅฟฝ็ฅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผๆ ไบบๅ ณๆณจใ่ฎจ่ฎบ่ฟไธ็พคไฝ็็ปๆตๆ ๅตใๅ ๅทๆ่ฟ200ไธชๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้จ่ฝ๏ผไป ไธๅๅพๅฐ่้ฆๆฟๅบ่ฎคๅฏใ่ฝ็ถๆ็ปๆฟๅบไปปๅฝไบ้ฆไฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅ ้้จ้ฟ๏ผไฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆดไฝไปๆฟ็ถๅตๅๆฟๆฒปๅฝฑๅๅ่ฟไฝไบๅ ถๅจ็พๅฝไบบๅฃไธญๆๅ ็ๆฏไพใ
็พๅฝๅไฝๅคงๅญฆ้ๆพ็ๅ ฌๅ ฑๅซ็ๅญฆ้ขๆฐ่ฐ็ปๆๆพ็คบ๏ผ่ถ ่ฟไธๅไนไธ็็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๆพๅจๅทฅไฝๅบๆ้ญ้ๆผ ่งใๆดๅใ็พ่พฑๅๆญง่ง๏ผ่ๅฑ ไฝๅจๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ๅฑ ๅบ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅจไธ่ญฆๅฏๆไบค้ใๅทฅไฝๅๆ็ฅจๆถๆดๅฏ่ฝ่ขซๆญง่งใๆฎ็พๅฝๅ ๆฟ้จ็ป่ฎก๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ่ฃๅ ่ฝปๅพฎ็ฏ็ฝช่ๅ ฅ็ฑ็ๆฆ็ๆฏๅ ถไปๆ่ฃ็ไธคๅใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ็ทๆง็็ฆ็ๆฏ็ฝไบบ็ทๆง็4ๅ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฅณๆง็็ฆ็ๅ้ซ่พพ็ฝไบบๅฅณๆง็6ๅใ
ใๅคง่ฅฟๆดๆๅใ่ฏ่ฎบ่ฏด๏ผไปๅๅฒไธ้ญ้ฉฑ้ใๅฑ ๆฎๅๅผบๅถๅๅ๏ผๅฐๅฆไปๆดไฝๆง็่ดซๅฐๅ่ขซๅฟฝ่ง๏ผๅๆฌๆฏ่ฟ็ๅคง้ไธปไบบ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅดๅจ็พๅฝ็คพไผๅฃฐ้ณๅพฎๅผฑใ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไฝๅฎถไธฝ่ดๅกยท็บณๆ ผๅฐไธ้่ง่กๅฐๆๅบ๏ผ่ขซ้ๅฝข๏ผๆฏๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ญๅ่ๅฑ ๆฐ็ๆฐๅ็งๆๆญง่งใใๆดๆ็ถๆถๆฅใ่ฏ่ฎบ็งฐ๏ผๅไฝๆฐ้ญๅ็ไธๅ ฌๆญฃๅพ ้ๆทฑๅตๅจ็พๅฝ็คพไผ็ป็ปๆถๆๅๆณๅพไฝ็ณปไธญใ
6๏ผๆๅๆฟๅฑ
19ไธ็บช70ๅนดไปฃ่ณ20ไธ็บช20ๅนดไปฃๆซ๏ผ็พๅฝๆฟๅบไธบๆจ่ก่ฑ่ฏญๅๅบ็ฃๆๆ่ฒ๏ผๅจๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฑ ไฝๅบๅผบๅๆจ่กๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฏๅฎฟๅญฆๆ กๅถๅบฆ๏ผๅพๅคๅฐๆน็่ณๅบ็ฐ็ปๆถๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅญฉ็ซฅๅนถๅผบๅถๅ ฅๅญฆ็ไบไปถใ็พๅฝๅๅฒไธๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฎ่กๅฏๅฎฟๅญฆๆ กๅถๅบฆ๏ผๅฐคๅ ถๅฏน้ๅนดๅๅฟ็ซฅ้ ๆๆ ๆณๆฝๅ็ไธฅ้ๅไผคใ่ฎธๅคๅนด่ฝปไธไปฃ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๆขๆ ๆณๅจไธปๆต็คพไผ็ซ่ถณ๏ผๅ้พไปฅไฟๆๅๅผๆฌไผ ็ปๆๅ๏ผๅฏน่ช่บซๆๅๅ่บซไปฝๆๅฐ่ฟทๆ็่ฆใ
่ฟไบๅฏๅฎฟๅญฆๆ กๅพๅพๅชๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅ่ฑกๅพๅๆฐ็้ฟ่พซ๏ผ็งๆฏไปไปฌ็ไผ ็ปๆ้ฅฐ๏ผไธฅ็ฆไปไปฌ่ฏดๆฏ่ฏญ๏ผๅฆๅไพฟ่ฆๅฏนๅ ถๆฏๆใๅจ่ฟไบๅญฆๆ ก้๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅ่ขซ่ฟซๆฅๅๅไบๅ็ฎก็๏ผไธไป ไผๅๅฐๆๅไฝ็ฝ๏ผๆไบๅฟ็ซฅ่ฟ้ญๅๆง่ๅพ ใไธๅฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅๅ ๆ่ฒๆนๅผ็่ๅปใ็ๆดปไน ๆฏ็ๅทฎๅผใๅฏนไบฒไบบ็ๆๅฟตๅ่ฅๅ ปไธ่ฏ่็็ ็่ณๆญปไบกใ
็พๅฝๆฟๅบ่ฟๆพๅถๅฎๆณๅพ็ฆๆญขๅไฝๆฐไธพ่กไปฃไปฃ็ธไผ ็ๅฎๆไปชๅผ๏ผๅไธๆญค็ฑปๆดปๅจ็ไบบไผ้ญๅๆๆๅ็็ฆใ20ไธ็บชไปฅๆฅ๏ผ้็็พๅฝๆฐๆ่ฟๅจๆตชๆฝฎ้ฃ่ตทไบๆถ๏ผ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐไผ ็ปๆๅๅๅๅฒ็ไฟๆค็ถๅตๆไธๅฎๅฅฝ่ฝฌ๏ผไฝไธๅทฒ้ญๅ่ฟไบไธฅ้็็ ดๅ๏ผๆฎๅญไธๆฅ็ๅคงๅคๆฏๅไบบๅๅฉ่ฑ่ฏญไฟๅญไธๆฅ็ๆๅ้่ฟนใ
็บณๆ ผๅฐ่ฎคไธบ๏ผๆๅ ณ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็ไฟกๆฏๅจ็พๅฝไธปๆตๅชไฝๅๆต่กๆๅไธญ่ขซ็ณป็ปๆงๅฐๆธ ้คใๆฎ็พๅฝๅ่ๆ่ฒ็ป็ปๆฅๅ๏ผ87๏ผ ็ๅท็บงๅๅฒๆๆไธๆถๅ1900ๅนดไปฅๅ็ๅ่ๅๅฒใๅฒๅฏๆฃฎๅญฆไผ็ญๆฐๆ็งฐ๏ผ็พๅฝๅญฆๆ ก้่ฎฒๆ็ๆๅ ณๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๅ ๅฎนๅ ๆฅไธๅ็กฎ็ไฟกๆฏ๏ผๆชๅฆๅฎๆ่ฟฐๅไฝๆฐ็้ญ้ใๆฅ่ชๅฎพๅท็ๅๅ ฑๅๅ ๅ่ฎฎๅๆกๆๅๅงๅจ็พๅฝ้ๅนดๅบ้ไผไธ็ซๅ ฌๅผ็งฐโ็พๅฝๆฏไธไธชไป้ถ่ฏ็็ๅฝๅฎถ๏ผไนๅ่ฟ้ๅ ไนไปไน้ฝๆฒกๆโฆโฆ่ฏดๅฎ่ฏ๏ผ็พๅฝๆๅไธญๅ ไนไธๅ ๅซ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๆๅใโๆ ่งๅๆนๆไบๅไฝๆฐๆๅๅจ็พๅฝๆๅไธญ็ๅฐไฝใ
ไธใ็พๅฝๅ ๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้ญๅโ็งๆ็ญ็ปโ็ๆน่ฏไนๅฃฐ็ปตๅปถไธ็ป๏ผไฝ้ญๆฟๅบๆ ่ง
ไธๆฏๅญฆ็ๆๅ ฑ่ฏใ่ชไธไธ็บช70ๅนดไปฃ่ตท๏ผ็พๅฝๅญฆ็ๅผๅงไฝฟ็จโ็งๆ็ญ็ปโๆง่ฏ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฟ็ญใ90ๅนดไปฃ๏ผๅคๅจๅคทๅคงๅญฆๆๆๆด็ปดยทๆฏๅฆ็บณๅพทๆ่ใ็พๆดฒๅคงๅฑ ๆ๏ผๅพๆๆฐไธ็ใๅ็ง็ฝๆๅคๅคงๅญฆๅๆๆๆฒๅพทยทไธๅๅฐๆ่ใ็งๆ็ญ็ป้ฃไปถๅฐไบใ้ๅจๅญฆ็ใๅฆๆ่ถ้ฒๅคงๅญฆๆๆๆฌยทๅบๅฐๅ่ไฝใ้ฒ่กไธๅๅฐ๏ผไธ็็งๆ็ญ็ปๅๆถไบกๅฒใๆผ่ฆไป็ป็พๅฝๅจไธๅๅๅฒ้ถๆฎตๅๅจ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ็งๆ็ญ็ปไบไปถ๏ผๅ ๅฉ็ฆๅฐผไบๅคงๅญฆๆดๆ็ถๅๆ กๅฏๆๆๆฌๆฐๆยท้บฆๅพทๅฉ่ไฝใ็พๆดฒ็งๆ็ญ็ป๏ผ็พๅฝๅๅ ๅท็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็ๆฒๆญ๏ผ1846โ1873ใๆทฑๅบฆๆๆๅ ๅทๆท้ๆฝฎๆถๆๆฟๅบๅๅจ็็ญ็ป็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็ๆกฉๆกฉๆจๆก็ญใ
็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๅๅฒๅญฆๅฎถ็ฝๅ ็ยท้ๅทดโๅฅฅๅฐ่ๆฏ่ฎบ่ฏ่ฎคไธบ๏ผใ้ฒๆญขๅๆฉๆฒป็ญ็ป็งๆ็ฝชๅ ฌ็บฆใๅ ณไบ็งๆ็ญ็ปๆๅไธพ5้กน็ฝช็ถไธญ็ๆฏไธๆก้ฝ่ฝๅจ็พๅฝ้ๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็็ฝช่กไธญๆพๅฐๅฏนๅบ๏ผ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๆ ็ๆฏ็งๆ็ญ็ปๅๅฎณ่ ๏ผๆฟ่ฎค็พๅฝๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฟ็ญ็ณป็งๆ็ญ็ปๅ ทๆ้่ฆๆไนใ
ไบๆฏๅชไฝๆๅผๅใใ็บฝ็บฆๆถๆฅใๅๆๆฅ้ๅ ๅฉ็ฆๅฐผไบๅคงๅญฆ้ปๆฏๅปทๆฏๆณๅญฆ้ขไปฅ็งๆ็ญ็ป่ ๅฝๅ๏ผๅ ้ๆจๅจๅญฆ้ขๆดๅ่ฟ็จใ็พๅฝๅนฟๆญๅ ฌๅธๆฅ้๏ผ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ่ฏๆฑๅคงๅฐไบๅไธปๆ๏ผๅฐๅฐไบๅ่ฏๆฑ่ขซๅฌๅฐใๆๅ่ฎฟ่ ่กจ็คบ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅๅฐ่ขซ็ชๅใ่ฏญ่จ่ขซๆนๆๅฐฑๆฏ็ณป็ปๆง็งๆ็ญ็ปใใๅ็้กฟ้ฎๆฅใๅๆ่ฐด่ดฃ็พๅฝไปๆชๆญฃๅผๆฟ่ฎคๅฏนๅไฝๆฐๅฎๆฝ็็งๆ็ญ็ปๆฟ็ญใใๅคไบคๆฟ็ญใๅๆ่ฆๆฑ็พๅฝๅฟ ้กปๆฟ่ฎคๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็็งๆ็ญ็ปใ2021ๅนด11ๆ๏ผ้ขไธบใ่ต้ใ็็บชๅฝ็ไธๆ ๏ผ้่ฏทๅไฝๆฐ้ ่ฏป็พๅฝ้ซ้ขๆฌ่ตๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅคด็ฎ็ๅฎๆนๅๅฒๆไปถ๏ผๅผไบบๅๆ็พๅฝๆฎๆด็็งๆ็ญ็ปๆฟ็ญใ
้็ไบๆๅๅนณๆ่ฟๅจ็ๅผๅฑ๏ผ็พๅฝ็คพไผๅผๅงๅ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้ฎ้ขใๆฟๅบๆพๅบๅฐๅณ่ฎฎๆกๅๅไฝๆฐ้ๆญใๅ ๅฉ็ฆๅฐผไบๅทๅท้ฟ็บฝๆฃฎๅจ2019ๅนดๅ่กจๅฃฐๆๅๅ ๅทๅไฝๆฐ้ๆญ๏ผๆฟ่ฎคๅ ๅท19ไธ็บชไธญๅถๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๆ็พค้ๅ็่กไธบๅฑไบ็งๆ็ญ็ปใ
็ถ่๏ผๆฟๅบ็ๅๆๆดๅๆฏโๆฟๆฒปไฝ็งโ๏ผไปๆชๆญฃๅผๆฟ่ฎค็พๅฝๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ฏไธ็ๆด่กๆฏ็งๆ็ญ็ป่กไธบ๏ผ็ๆญฃ็ๆนๅ้ฅ้ฅๆ ๆใ
็ปผไธๆ่ฟฐ๏ผ็พๅฝๅๅฑๆฟๅบไธไป ไป่ไฝไธๅคง้ๆถ็ญๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผๆด้่ฟ็ณป็ปๆงๅถๅบฆ่ฎพ่ฎกใ้ธๅๅผๆๅๅๅถ๏ผไปคๅไฝๆฐ็็ๅญ้ทๅ ฅไธๅฏ้่ฝฌ็ๅฐๅข๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆๅๅๅฐๆ นๆฌๆง็ ดๅ๏ผ็ๅฝๅ็ฒพ็ฅ็ไปฃ้ ๅญ็ปญๅๅฐไธฅ้ๅจ่ใ็พๅฝๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๅฑ ๆใๅผบๅถ่ฟ็งปใๆๅๅๅไธไธๅ ฌๆญฃๅพ ้ๅทฒๆๆไบๅฎไธ็็งๆ็ญ็ป๏ผๅฎๅ จ็ฌฆๅ่ๅๅฝใ้ฒๆญขๅๆฉๆฒป็ญ็ป็งๆ็ฝชๅ ฌ็บฆใๅ ณไบ็งๆ็ญ็ป็ๅฎไน๏ผ่ไธๅ็ปๆฐ็พๅนด่ณไปไปๅจๅปถ็ปญใ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅบ่ฏฅๆพๅผๅ ถๅจไบบๆ้ฎ้ขไธ็่ไผชๅๅ้ๆ ๅ๏ผ่ฎค็ไธฅ่ๅฏนๅพ ๆฌๅฝๅฝๅ ๅญๅจ็ไธฅ้็งๆ้ฎ้ขๅ็ฝช่กใ
ๆๆฏๆฏๆ ๅพๅ็๏ผไธบไปไน่ฆๅผๅคดๆๆฟๆฒป๏ผ
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ๅนฒๅๅๅซ็ๅ๏ผๅ ๅผ่ใ
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catch grass
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This is absolutely ridiculous! You have no right to speak politically in public. you have to apologize to everyone. You fucking bitch!
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@helptome1 ่ญๅป้ผ๏ผไฝ ็นๆฒกๆไฝ ๆไน่ฏด่ฏ๏ผ
ๆๅฐฑๆฏไฝ ็น๏ผๆๆไฝ ่ฏด็่ฏใ
@helptome1 ่ญๅป้ผ๏ผไฝ ็นๆฒกๆไฝ ๆไน่ฏด่ฏ๏ผ
ๆๅฐฑๆฏไฝ ็น๏ผๆๆไฝ ่ฏด็่ฏใ
ๅๅฎถๆพไฝ ็นๅญฆ่ฏด่ฏๅป ๅบ็ฉ
Originally posted by @Lya-ning in https://github.com/facebook/react/issues/23635#issuecomment-1057890611
ๅพๅ ซไธ่ฅฟ
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https://github.com/bravekingzhang/fuck-america
ๅๆ ๐บ๐ฆไนๅ ๅ ฐไบบๆฐ๏ผไฝไธค่พน้ฝๆฒกๅฅๅฅฝไธ่ฅฟ
Open source framework involves politics and will eventually fail. Vue will lead the future! ๅผๆบๆกๆถๆถๅๆฟๆฒป็ป็ฉถไผๅคฑ่ดฅ๏ผvueๅฐๅผ้ขๆชๆฅ๏ผ
ไนๆใไนๆ
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็ๆฅ็็พๅธ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
็พๅฝไบบๅทฒ็ปๆไบ็ งไผ๏ผไธญๅฝ็่ฏ็ๅไฝๅๅไนไผๅไธๅถ่ฃ็ใไฟๅฝไบบไธๅฏ่ฝไปไธญๅฝๆๅฐไธไธ็น็พๅฝ็ไธ่ฅฟใ็่ณ่ๆณไนไผ็ฆ่ฟ
ๅกๆฏๅจSWIFT็้ถ่กไนไผๅไธ้่ๅถ่ฃ
ๆณๅฅๅข๏ผไปๅคฉbugๅๅฎไบๅ
Project Name : Solana standard mobile wallet to support putin get fuckin out the swift
Symbol ๏ผULA
Total supply ๏ผ200 million
Chinese Name ๏ผไนๆ
Contract ๏ผEwHqbMUMX33JjWAhxSg9vsX3miWqncsgpnAbqn9nhJwZ
Meaning๏ผToken name comes from Russia Putin's parade slogan: rush!! Go forward
Website๏ผhttp://www.kikenn.com/
MarketId: 3fxSHmDZx9zFdRucnAtTLAdFtqx2cvo4VaTix2iTgF7k
WhitePaper: http://www.kikenn.com/app/whitepaper.pdf
TelegramGroup: https://t.me/joinchat/AJb4NRTFI0dhYzBh
DexlabTrade: https://trade.dexlab.space/#/market/3fxSHmDZx9zFdRucnAtTLAdFtqx2cvo4VaTix2iTgF7k
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No matter how you express your opinions, this is your freedom. But I want to say that the following two points are indisputable:
1, Open source software is the public property of the open source community, not the private property of Facebook 2, Political opinions should not be expressed in technical products 3, Are these Chinese Issues created by Chinese developers? I don't think so. Believe me, firstly, Chinese people are very busy and will not waste time creating political issues, and secondly, Chinese people do not diss Chinese people
When express your free opinions, I am opposed to direct the scourge of war to any country include China!
็พๅฝๆฟๆๆน้ข็ๅณ็ญ๏ผๆไนๆ็ๅคดๆๅreact๏ผ react๏ผ ่ฟ้ ๆไธ่
https://github.com/supportUkr/supportUkr
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Oh-IE2zmJc
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Stand with the people of Ukraine. Now accepting cryptocurrency donations. Bitcoin, Ethereum and USDT.
BTC - 357a3So9CbsNfBBgFYACGvxxS6tMaDoa1P
ETH and USDT (ERC-20) - 0x165CD37b4C644C2921454429E7F9358d18A45e14
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StayWithUkraine , no war, stay polite and don't curse. StayWithUkraine๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ ๆฏๆไนๅ ๅ ฐ๏ผไธ่ฆๆไบ๏ผไฟๆ็คผ่ฒ๏ผไธ่ฆ้ชไบบใ ๆฏๆไนๅ ๅ ฐ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ
StayWithUkraine , no war, stay polite and don't curse. StayWithUkraine๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ ๆฏๆไนๅ ๅ ฐ๏ผไธ่ฆๆไบ๏ผไฟๆ็คผ่ฒ๏ผไธ่ฆ้ชไบบใ ๆฏๆไนๅ ๅ ฐ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ
StayWithUkraine , no war, stay polite and don't curse. StayWithUkraine๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ ๆฏๆไนๅ ๅ ฐ๏ผไธ่ฆๆไบ๏ผไฟๆ็คผ่ฒ๏ผไธ่ฆ้ชไบบใ ๆฏๆไนๅ ๅ ฐ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ
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Project Name : Solana standard mobile wallet to support putin get fuckin out the swift
Symbol ๏ผULA
Total supply ๏ผ200 million
Chinese Name ๏ผไนๆ
Contract ๏ผEwHqbMUMX33JjWAhxSg9vsX3miWqncsgpnAbqn9nhJwZ
Meaning๏ผToken name comes from Russia Putin's parade slogan: rush!! Go forward
Website๏ผhttp://www.kikenn.com/
MarketId: 3fxSHmDZx9zFdRucnAtTLAdFtqx2cvo4VaTix2iTgF7k
WhitePaper: http://www.kikenn.com/app/whitepaper.pdf
TelegramGroup: https://t.me/joinchat/AJb4NRTFI0dhYzBh
DexlabTrade: https://trade.dexlab.space/#/market/3fxSHmDZx9zFdRucnAtTLAdFtqx2cvo4VaTix2iTgF7k
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ๅพๅ ซๆกๆถ
ไธใ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฎๆฝ็งๆ็ญ็ป็็ฝช่ฏ 1๏ผๆฟๅบไธปๅฏผๅฎๆฝ 1776ๅนด7ๆ4ๆฅ๏ผ็พๅฝๅๅธใ็ฌ็ซๅฎฃ่จใ๏ผ็พๅฉๅๅไผๅฝๆ็ซใใ็ฌ็ซๅฎฃ่จใๆๆ่ฎฐ่ฝฝ๏ผโไป๏ผๆ่ฑๅฝๅฝ็๏ผๅจๆไปฌไธญ้ด็ ฝๅจๅ ไนฑ๏ผๅนถไธ็ซญๅๆๅ้ฃไบๆฎ้ ทๆ ๆ ใๆฒกๆๅผๅ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฅๆๆ ๆไปฌ่พน็็ๅฑ ๆฐโ๏ผๅ ฌๅผๆฑก่็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๆฏโๆฎ้ ทๆ ๆ ใๆฒกๆๅผๅโ็็งๆใ ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅๆงๆฟ่ ๅฏนๅพ ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ๏ผๅฅ่ก็ฝไบบไผ่ถไธปไนใ็ฝไบบ่ณไธไธปไน๏ผๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ตถๅฐฝๆ็ป๏ผๅนถ่ฏๅพ้่ฟโๆๅ็ญ็ปโๆถ็ญ่ฟไธ็งๆใ ๅจ็พๅฝ็ฌฌไธๆฌก็ฌ็ซๆไบ๏ผ1775ๅนด่ณ1783ๅนด๏ผใ็ฌฌไบๆฌก็ฌ็ซๆไบ๏ผ1812ๅนด่ณ1815ๅนด๏ผๅๅๅๆไบ๏ผ1861ๅนด่ณ1865ๅนด๏ผไธญ๏ผ็พๅฝๆงๆฟ่ ๆฅไบๆ่ฑไฝไธบๆฌงๆดฒๆฎๆฐไธปไน็ปๆต้ๅบธ็็งๆคๅญ็ปๆตๅฐไฝ๏ผๆฉๅคง้ขๅ้ข็งฏ๏ผๅฐ็ฎๅ ็ๅไบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆไธญๅคง้็ๅๅฐ๏ผๅๅจไบไธๅๆฌกๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝ็่ขญๅป๏ผๅฑ ๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็้ฆ้ขใๅฃซๅ ตไน่ณๅนณๆฐ๏ผๅฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๅๅฐๅ ไธบๅทฑๆใ 1862ๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝ้ขๅธใๅฎ ๅฐๆณใใ่ฏฅๆณ่งๅฎ๏ผๆฏไธชๅนดๆปก21ๅฒ็็พๅฝๅ ฌๆฐๅช้็ผด็บณ10็พๅ ็ป่ฎฐ่ดน๏ผๅฐฑ่ฝๅจ่ฅฟ้จ่ทๅพไธ่ถ ่ฟ160่ฑไบฉ๏ผ็บฆๅ64.75ๅ ฌ้กท๏ผ็ๅๅฐใๅจๅๅฐ็่ฏฑๆไธ๏ผ็ฝไบบ็บท็บท่ทๅฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆๅจๅบๅๅฑๅผๅคง่ๅฑ ๆ๏ผ่ขซๆๅฎณ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆๅไธไธใ ๆถไปป็พๅฝๆฟๅบ้ขๅฏผไบบๆพๅ ฌๅผ็งฐ๏ผโ็จๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็็ฎๅฏไปฅๅๅบไผ่ดจ็้ฟ็ญ้ดโ๏ผโๅฟ ้กป็ญ็ปๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆๆไปไปฌ่ตถๅฐๆไปฌไธๅป็ๅฐๆนโ๏ผโๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฟ ้กป่ฟ ้่ขซๆถ็ญโ๏ผโๅชๆๆญปๆ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆๆฏๅฅฝ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบโใ็พๅฝๅไบบ่งๅฑ ๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅคฉ็ปๅฐไน๏ผ็่ณๆฏไธ็ง่ฃ่๏ผโไธๆไปไปฌๆๅ ๅณไธไผ็ฝขไผโใ็ฑปไผผไป่ง่จ่ฎบไธๆด่กไธ่ๆไธพ๏ผๅจ่ฏธๅค็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็ญ็ปไธ่ไธญๅๆ่ฏฆ็ป่ฎฐ่ฝฝใ 2๏ผ่ก่ ฅๅฑ ๆๅๆด่ก ่ชๆฎๆฐ่ ่ธ่ถณๅ็พๆดฒๆถ่ตท๏ผๅฐฑๆ่ฎกๅๅฐๅคง่งๆจก็ๆๅ็พ้็๏ผๆญ็ปๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็้ฃ็ฉๅๅบๆฌ็ๆดปๆฅๆบ๏ผๅฏผ่ดไปไปฌๅ ้ฅฅ้ฅฟ่ๆๆนๆญปไบกใ ๆฎ็ป่ฎก๏ผ่ช1776ๅนด็พๅฝๅฎฃๅธ็ฌ็ซๅ๏ผ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅ ๅๅๅจไบ่ถ ่ฟ1500ๆฌก่ขญๅป๏ผๆปๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝ๏ผๅฑ ๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผๅ ้ขไปไปฌ็ๅๅฐ๏ผ็ฝช่ก็ฝ็ซน้พไนฆใ1814ๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝ้ขๅธๆณไปค๏ผ่งๅฎๆฏไธ็ผดไธไธชๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๅคด็็ฎ๏ผ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅฐๅฅๅฑ50่ณ100็พๅ ใๅผ้ทๅพท้ๅ ยท็น็บณๅจ1893ๅนดๅ่กจ็ใ่พน็ๅจ็พๅฝๅๅฒไธ็้่ฆๆงใไธญๆฟ่ฎค๏ผโๆฏๆก่พน็้ฝๆฏ้่ฟไธ็ณปๅๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆไบ่่ทๅพ็ใโ ๅ ๅทๆท้ๆฝฎไบฆๅธฆๆฅๅ ๅทๅคงๅฑ ๆใ้ฆไปปๅ ๅทๅท้ฟๅฝผๅพยทไผฏๅ ็นๆๅบ่ฆๅฏน็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๅๅจ็ญ็ปไนๆ๏ผๅทๅ ็ญ็ปๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅผๅฃฐ้ซๆถจใๅจๅไนไธ็บชไบๅ ญๅๅนดไปฃ็ๅ ๅท๏ผไธไธชๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๅคด้ข ๆๅคด็ฎ่ฝๆข5็พๅ ๏ผ่ๅฝๆถ็ๆฅๅๅทฅ่ตๆฏ25็พๅใไป1846ๅนด่ณ1873ๅนด๏ผๅ ๅทๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฃไป15ไธ่ท่ฝ่ณ3ไธใๆญปไบๆด่ก็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไธ่ฎกๅ ถๆฐใไธไบ้ๅคง็ๅฑ ๆไบไปถๅ ๆฌ๏ผ โ1811ๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝๅ้ๅจ่็ฎๅก่ฏบๅคงๆไธญๅป่ดฅ่ๅ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้ฆ้ข็นๅบๅงๅกๅไป็ๅ้๏ผ็งๆฏๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้ฆๅบๅ ็ฅ้ๅนถๅฎๆฝๆฎ้ ท็ๅฑ ๆใ โ1813ๅนด11ๆ่ณ1814ๅนด1ๆ๏ผ็พๅๅๅจ้ๅฏน็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็ๅ ้ๅ ๆไบ๏ผๅ็งฐ้ฉฌ่นๆนพไนๆใ1814ๅนด3ๆ27ๆฅ๏ผๅจๅฏ่ฅฟ่ฅฟๆฏ้ขๅฐ้ฉฌ่นๆนพ๏ผ็บฆ3000ๅๅฃซๅ ตๅๅ ้ๅ ๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅ่ตท่ฟๆปใๅจ่ฟๆฌกๆๆไธญ๏ผ800ๅคๅๅ ้ๅ ๆๆๅฃซๆจ้ญๅฑ ๆ๏ผๅ ้ๅ ๆ็ๅไบๅฎๅไปๆญคๅคงไธบๅๅผฑใๆ นๆฎๅๅนด8ๆ9ๆฅ็ญพ่ฎข็ใๆฐๅ ้ๅ กๆก็บฆใ๏ผๅ ้ๅ ๆไบบๅฐ2300ๅคไธ่ฑไบฉ็ๅๅฐๅฒ่ฎฉ็ป็พๅฝ่้ฆๆฟๅบใ โ1864ๅนด11ๆ29ๆฅๅ ๅฐๆฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅๅฏน็ญพ่ฎขๅบ่ฎฉๅๅฐ็ๅ่ฎฎ๏ผ็พๅฝ็งๅธ็บฆ็ฟฐยทๅฅๆ้กฟๅจ็ง็ฝๆๅคๅทไธๅ้จ็ๆฒๆบชๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ฟ่กๅฑ ๆใ่ฟไนๆฏๆ่ญๅๆญ่็ไธๆฌก็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๅคงๅฑ ๆใ็พๅฝ็บฝ็บฆๅคงๅญฆๅๅฒ็ณปๆๆ็ๅฉไบยท่ๆไบๅจ้่ฎฟไธญๆๅฐ๏ผๅฅๆ้กฟ็ๅฃซๅ ตไปฌๅฅไธๅฆๅฅณๅฟ็ซฅ็ๅคด็ฎ๏ผ็ ไธไปไปฌ็ๅคด๏ผๅนถไธๅจๅๅฐไธนไฝๅๆธธ่ก็คบไผใ ่ๅๅฝๅ่ไบบๆๅฉ้ฎ้ข็นๅซๆฅๅๅ้ฟ็บณไบๅจ2012ๅนด่ฎฟ็พๅๆไบคๅฝๅซ่ฎฟ้ฎๆฅๅ๏ผ็งฐๆฒๆบชๅคงๅฑ ๆไบไปถๅๅฎณ่ ๅ่ฃๆง่ฏ๏ผ1864ๅนด็บฆ700ๅ็พๆญฆ่ฃ ๅฃซๅ ตๅฏนไฝๅจ็ง็ฝๆๅคๅทๆฒๆบช่พนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไฟ็ๅฐ็ๅคๅฎๅ้ฟๆๅธ้ๆไบบ่ฟ่ก็ช่ขญๅๅฐๆใๆฎๅชไฝๆฅ้๏ผๆญคๆฌกๅฑ ๆไบไปถ้ ๆ200ไฝๅ้จ่ฝๆๅไธญ70่ณ163ไบบๆญปไบก๏ผไธๅไนไบ็ๆญป่ ๆฏๅฆๅฅณๆๅฟ็ซฅ๏ผๆ ไบบไธบๆญคๆฌกๅฑ ๆ่ด่ดฃใ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๆพๅ้จ่ฝๅ่ฃ่พพๆ่ตๅฟๅ่ฎฎ๏ผไฝ่ณไปๆชๅฑฅ่กใ โ1890ๅนด12ๆ29ๆฅ๏ผๅจๅ่พพ็งไปๅท็ไผค่ๆฒณ้่ฟ๏ผ็พๅๅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฐๅป๏ผๆฎ็พๅฝๅฝไผ่ฎฐๅฝ๏ผๆญปไผค่ ่ถ ่ฟ350ไบบใไผค่ๆฒณๅคงๅฑ ๆๅ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆญฆ่ฃ ๅๆๅบๆฌ่ขซ้ๅ๏ผ็บฆ20ๅ็พๅๅฃซๅ ต่ฟ่ขซๆไบ่ฃ่ชๅ็ซ ใ โ1930ๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบๅกๅฑ้่ฟโๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฅๅบทๆๅกโ้กน็ฎๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฆๅฅณๅฎๆฝ็ป่ฒใ็ป่ฒๆๆฏๆ็ไฟๆคๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฆๅฅณๅฅๅบท็ๆๅท๏ผ้จๅๆๆฏ็่ณๅจๅฆๅฅณไธ็ฅๆ ็ๆ ๅตไธ่ฟ่กใๆฎ็ป่ฎก๏ผ20ไธ็บช70ๅนดไปฃๅ๏ผ่ถ ่ฟ42๏ผ ่ฒ้พๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฆๅฅณ่ขซ็ป่ฒใๅฏนๅพๅคๅฐ้จ่ฝ่่จ๏ผ่ฟๅ ไนๅฏผ่ดๆดไธช้จ่ฝ็ญ็ปใๆช่ณ1976ๅนด๏ผๅคง็บฆ7ไธๅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฆๅฅณ่ขซๅผบๅถ็ป่ฒใ 3๏ผ่ฅฟ่ฟ่ฟๅจๅๅผบๅถ่ฟ็งป ็พๅฝๅปบๅฝไนๅ่งๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝไธบไธปๆๅฎไฝ๏ผไธป่ฆไพ้ ๅ็ญพๆก็บฆ็ๆนๅผไธๅ ถ่ฟ่กๅๅฐใ่ดธๆใๅธๆณ็ญ้ฎ้ขไบคๆถ๏ผๅถๅฐไธๅ ถๅ็ๆไบใๆช่ณ1840ๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝไธๅ้จ่ฝ่พพๆ200ๅค้กนๆก็บฆ๏ผๅ ถไธญๅคๆฐๆฏๅจ็พๅฝๅไบๅๆฟๆฒปๅๅไธ่พพๆ็ไธๅนณ็ญๆก็บฆ๏ผๅ ๆปกๆฌบ็ๅ้ชใๅจ้ผๅฉ่ฏฑ๏ผๅชๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝๅ ทๆ็บฆๆๅ๏ผๆฏๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝๅทงๅ่ฑชๅคบ็ไธป่ฆๅทฅๅ ทใ 1830ๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝ้่ฟใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ฟ็งปๆณๆกใ๏ผๆ ๅฟ็็พๅฝๅผบ่ฟซๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ฟ็งป็ๅถๅบฆๅใ่ฏฅๆณๆกๆดไปๆณๅพไธๅฅๅคบไบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้จ่ฝๅจ็พๅฝไธ้จๅฑ ไฝ็ๆๅฉ๏ผ่ฟซไฝฟ็บฆ10ไธๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไปๅ้จๆ ๅ่ฟ็งป่ณๅฏ่ฅฟ่ฅฟๆฏๆฒณไปฅ่ฅฟใ่ฟๅพๅผๅงไบ็็ๅคๆฅ๏ผๅ็ปๆฐๆธฉ่พพๅฐ้ถไธ็ๅฌๅคฉ๏ผๆฏๆฅๅพๆญฅ16่ฑ้๏ผๆๅไธไธไบบๅ ้ฅฅๅฏไบค่ฟซใๅณ็ดฏ่ฟๅบฆๆ็พ็ ็็ซๆญปไบ้ไธญ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฃๆฐ้้ๅ๏ผๅผบ่ฟไน่ทฏๅไธบโ่กๆณชไน่ทฏโใๆ็ป่ฟ็งป็้จ่ฝๅ่ขซ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅๅ ตๅพ่ฎจใๆดๅ่ฟซ่ฟ็่ณๅฑ ๆใ ๅพๅ ่จๆฏๅ ๅ ฅ็พๅฝๅ็1839ๅนด๏ผๆฟๅบ่ฆๆฑๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ซๅปๆค็ฆป๏ผๅฆๅๆฏๅ ถๆๆใ็ญๅ ถ้จ่ฝ๏ผๅฏผ่ดๅคง้ไธ่ฏๅฐฑ่็ๅ็ฝๅบไบบ่ขซๆชๆใ 1863ๅนด๏ผ็พๅๅฏน็บณ็ฆ้้จ่ฝๆง่กโ็ฆๅๆฟ็ญโ๏ผไปฅ็งๅ ถๆฟๅฑใ็ๅ ถๅบ็จผใๆๅ ถๅฎถ็ใๆฏๅ ถ่ดขไบง็ธ่่ฟซ๏ผๆญฆ่ฃ ๆผ้็บณ็ฆ้ไบบๆญฅ่กๆฐ็พๅ ฌ้ๅฐๆฐๅขจ่ฅฟๅฅไธ้จไฟ็ๅฐ๏ผ่ทไธไธ้ไผ็ๅญๅฆ่ไบบ่ขซ็ดๆฅๆชๆใ 19ไธ็บชไธญๅถ๏ผๅ ไนๆๆ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้ฝ่ขซ้ฉฑ่ตถๅฐไบๅฏ่ฅฟ่ฅฟๆฏๆฒณไปฅ่ฅฟ๏ผๆฟๅบๆไปไปฌๅผบๅถๅฎๆๅจๅไฝๆฐไฟ็ๅฐๅ ็ๆดปใ ใๅๆกฅ็พๅฝ็ปๆตๅฒใไธญๅ้๏ผโ็ฑไบ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅฏนไธ้จๅฐๅบๆๅ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ฟ่กไบๆญฆๅ้ฉฑ้๏ผๅ ๆญค๏ผ่ฏฅๅฐๅบๅชๅฉไธๆๅฐๆฐ็ไฝไธบๅไธชๅฝๅฎถๅ ฌๆฐ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผๆ่ ๅจๆญฆๅ้ฉฑ้ไธญ่บฒ่่ตทๆฅ็้ฃไบไธชๅซๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบใโ ๅฏๆฒ็ๆฏ๏ผไธบไบ็พๅๅๅฒ๏ผ็พๅฝๅๅฒๅญฆๅฎถๅธธๅธธๅฐโ่ฅฟ่ฟ่ฟๅจโ็พๅไธบ็พๅฝไบบๆฐๅฏน่ฅฟ้จ็ๅ็็ปๆตๅผๅ๏ผๅฎฃ็งฐๅ ้ไบ็พๅฝ็ๆฟๆฒปๆฐไธปๅ่ฟ็จ๏ผไฟ่ฟไบ็พๅฝ็็ปๆตๅๅฑ๏ผไฟๆไบ็พๅฝๆฐๆ็ฒพ็ฅ็ๅฝขๆไธๅๅฑ๏ผๅดๅฏน้่ฎๅฑ ๆ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็่กไธบๅชๅญไธๆใ ไบๅฎไธ๏ผๆญฃๆฏ่ฅฟ่ฟ่ฟๅจๅ๏ผๅคไบ่่ฝ็ถๆ็็พๆดฒๆๆ่ขซๆฏ็ญ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไฝไธบไบบ็ฑปๅ ๅคงไบบ็งไนไธ๏ผ้ขไธด่ขซๆดไฝ็ญ็ป็ๅขๅฐใ 4๏ผๅผบๅถๅๅๅๆๅ็ญ็ป ไธบไบ็ป็พๅฝๆฟๅบ็ไธไน่กๅพ่พฉๆค๏ผไธไบ19ไธ็บช็็พๅฝๅญฆ่ ๅคง่็ ฝๅจโๆๆๅฏน้่ฎโ็ไบๅ ๅฏน็ซ่ฎบ๏ผๅฐ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๅก้ ๆไธ็ง้่ฎใ้ชๆถใไฝ็ญ็ๆ็พคใ19ไธ็บช็็พๅฝ็ฅๅๅๅฒๅญฆๅฎถๅธๅ ๆผๅฃฐ็งฐ๏ผ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐโๆ ๆณๅญฆไน ๆๆ็ๅ็งๆ่บ๏ผไปไปฌๅๅ ถๆฃฎๆ้ฝๅฟ ๅฐๅ ฑๅๆถๅคฑโใ ๅๆถไปฃ็ๅฆไธไฝ็พๅฝ็ฅๅๅๅฒๅญฆๅฎถ็ญๅ ็ฝๅคซ็นไนๅฃฐ็งฐ๏ผ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐโๅจๆจ็ๅ้ๅพทๅ่ดจๆน้ขๆฏ็ฝไบบไฝๅฃ๏ผ่ไธ่ฟ็งไฝๅฃไธไป ไป ๆฏ้ๅฏนไธชไบบ่่จ็๏ผ่ๆฏไธๅ ถ็ป็ปๆๅ ณ๏ผๆฏๆดไธชๆ็พค็็นๅพโใ่ฟ็งไธบไบ็ปๆฎๆฐๆ ๅคบ่กๅพ่พฉๆค่่ๆ่ดฌไฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็่จ่ฎบ๏ผๅ ๆปก็งๆๆญง่ง็่ฒๅฝฉใ ไป19ไธ็บช70ๅนดไปฃๅผๅงๅฐ19ไธ็บช80ๅนดไปฃ๏ผ็พๅฝๆฟๅบ้ๅๆดๅ ๆฟ่ฟ็โๅผบๅถๅๅโๆฟ็ญ๏ผๆถ็ญๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝ็็คพไผ็ป็ป็ปๆๅๆๅใๅผบๅถๅๅๆ็ฅ็ๆ ธๅฟ็ฎๆ ๏ผๅจไบ็ ด้คๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅๆ็็พคไฝไพๆใๆ็พค่บซไปฝๅ้จ่ฝ่ฎคๅ๏ผๅนถๅฐๅ ถๆน้ ไธบๅไธไธชไฝใๅ ทๆ็พๅฝๅ ฌๆฐ่บซไปฝใๅ ฌๆฐๆ่ฏๅนถ่ฎคๅ็พๅฝไธปๆตไปทๅผ่ง็็พๅฝๅ ฌๆฐใไธบๆญค้ๅไบๅๆน้ขๆชๆฝ๏ผ ไธๆฏๅ จ้ขๅฅๅคบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝ็่ชๆฒปๆใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅคๅนดๆฅไปฅ้จ่ฝไธบๅไฝ็ๅญ๏ผ้จ่ฝๆฏๅ ถๅ้ๆบๆณๅ็ฒพ็ฅๅฏๆใ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅผบ่กๅบ้ค้จ่ฝๅถ๏ผๅฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไปฅไธชไฝๅฝขๅผๆๅ ฅไธๅ ถไผ ็ปๆช็ถไธๅ็็ฝไบบ็คพไผ๏ผไฝฟๅ ถๆ ๅๅฏปๆพๅทฅไฝๅๅฎ่บซ็ซๅฝ๏ผๅจ็ปๆตไธไธ่ดซๅฆๆด๏ผๅจๆฟๆฒปๅ็คพไผไธ้ฅฑๅๆญง่ง๏ผ้ญๅๅทจๅคง็ฒพ็ฅ็่ฆๅๆทฑๅป็็ๅญๅฑๆบใๆๅๅฑๆบใ19ไธ็บช็ๅ็ฝๅบ้จ่ฝๅๆฌๆฌฃๆฌฃๅ่ฃ๏ผๅจ็ฉ่ดจ็ๆดปไธไธ่พน็็ฝไบบไธ็ธไธไธ๏ผไฝ้็็พๅฝๆฟๅบ้ๆญฅๅๆถๅ ถ่ชๆฒปๆใๅบ้ค้จ่ฝๅถ๏ผๅ็ฝๅบ็คพไผ่ฟ ้่กฐ่ดฅ๏ผๆฒฆไธบๅ่ๅฑ ๆฐไธญๆ่ดซๅฐ็ไบบ็พคใ ไบๆฏไปฅๅๅฐๅ้ ็ๅฝขๅผ๏ผ่ฏๅพๆงๆฏๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไฟ็ๅฐ๏ผ่ฟ่็ฆ่งฃๅ ถ้จ่ฝใ1887ๅนด้่ฟ็ใ้ๆฏๆณๆกใๆๆๆป็ป่งฃๆฃๅไฝๆฐไฟ็ๅฐ๏ผๅบ้คๅไฟ็ๅฐๅ ๅฎ่ก็้จ่ฝๅๅฐๆๆๅถ๏ผๅฐๅๅฐ็ดๆฅๅ้ ็ปๅฑ ไฝๅจไฟ็ๅฐๅ ๅค็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผๅฝขๆๅฎ้ ไธ็ๅๅฐ็งๆๅถๅบฆใ้จ่ฝๅๅฐๆๆๅถ็ๅบ้คไฝฟๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ็คพไผ่งฃไฝ๏ผ้จ่ฝๆๅจ้ญๅๆฒ้ๆๅปใโๅคช้ณ่โไฝไธบ้จ่ฝๅข็ป็ๆ้ซๅฝขๅผ๏ผๅ ่ขซ่งไธบโๅผ็ซฏ่กไธบโ่้ญๅฐๅ็ผใๅไฟ็ๅฐไธญๅคง้จๅๅๅฐ้่ฟๆๅ่ฝฌๅ ฅ็ฝไบบไนๆ๏ผๅฏนๅกๅๆฏซๆ ๅๅค็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅจๅๅพๅๅฐๅไธไน ไนๅ ๅ้ช็ญๅ็งๅๅ ๅคฑๅปๅๅฐ๏ผ็ๆดปๆฅ่ถๆถๅใ ไธๆฏ้ๆญฅๅนถๆ็ปๅ จ้ขๅผบๅ ็ปๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็พๅฝโๅ ฌๆฐโ่บซไปฝใ่ขซ่ฎคๅฎไธบโๆทท่กโ็ๅไฝๆฐๅฟ ้กปๆพๅผ้จ่ฝๅฐไฝ๏ผๅ ถไปไบบไน่ขซโๅป้จ่ฝๅโ๏ผๆๅคงๅฐๆๅฎณไบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็่บซไปฝ่ฎคๅใ ๅๆฏ้่ฟๆ่ฒใ่ฏญ่จใๆๅใๅฎๆ็ญๆชๆฝๅไธ็ณปๅ็คพไผๆฟ็ญ๏ผๆ น้คๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆ็พคๆ่ฏๅ้จ่ฝ่ฎคๅใไป1819ๅนดใๆๆๅผๅๅบ้ๆณๆกใๅผๅง๏ผ็พๅฝๅจๅ จๅฝ่ๅดๅ ่ฎพ็ซๆ่ตๅฉๅฏๅฎฟๅญฆๆ ก๏ผๅผบ่ฟซๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅๅ ฅๅญฆใๆ นๆฎ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฏๅฎฟๅญฆๆ กๆฒปๆ่็ๆฅๅๆพ็คบ๏ผๅๅฒไธๅ จ็พๅ ฑๆ367ๅฎถๅฏๅฎฟๅญฆๆ ก๏ผ่ณ1925ๅนด๏ผ60889ๅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅ่ขซ่ฟซๅฐฑๅญฆ๏ผ่ณ1926ๅนด๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅๅฐฑ่ฏปๆฏไพ้ซ่พพ83๏ผ ๏ผไฝๅฐฑ่ฏปๅญฆ็ๆปๆฐ่ณไปไปไธๆ็กฎใๆฌ็โๆนๅปๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๆๅ๏ผๆฏๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบโ็็ๅฟต๏ผ็พๅฝ็ฆๆญขๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅ่ฎฒๆฐๆ่ฏญ่จใ็ๆฐๆๆ่ฃ ใๅฎๆฝๆฐๆๆดปๅจ๏ผๆนๅปๅ ถ่ฏญ่จใๆๅๅ่บซไปฝ่ฎคๅ๏ผๅฎๆฝๆๅ็ญ็ปใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅๅจๆ ก้ฅฑๅๆ็ฃจ๏ผ้จๅๅ ้ฅฅ้ฅฟใ็พ็ ๅ่ๅพ ๆญปไบกใๆญคๅ๏ผๅๆจๅบโๅผบ่ฟซๅฏๅ ปโๆฟ็ญ๏ผๅผบ่กๅฐๅฟ็ซฅไบค็ป็ฝไบบๆๅ ป๏ผๅปถ็ปญๅๅๆฟ็ญ๏ผๅฅๅคบๆๅ่ฎคๅใๆญค็ฐ่ฑก็ด่ณ1978ๅนด็พๅฝ้่ฟใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅ็ฆๅฉๆณใๆ่ขซ็ฆๆญขใ็พๅฝไผๅจ้่ฟ่ฏฅๆณๆถๆฟ่ฎค๏ผโๅคง้ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅๅจๆช็ปๅ ่ฎธ็ๆ ๅตไธ่ขซ่ฝฌ็งป่ณ้ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฎถๅบญๅๆบๆ๏ผ้ ๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฎถๅบญ็็ ด็ขโใ ่ๅๅๅฒๅญฆๅฎถไบจๅฉยทๆฏ่ๅฐยทๅบท้ฉฌๆฐ็ญไบบๆ่ฏด๏ผ็ฑไบๅผบๅถๅๅ๏ผโ็พๅฝๅๅฒไธๆๅๅฃ็ไบๆ ไนไธโฆโฆๅๅฑๅฐ็ปๅณฐ้ ๆ็ๅฐๆญฅ๏ผ่ฟไน่ฎธๆฏๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆไธๅนธ็้ถๆฎตใโ ไบใ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ณไปไป้ขไธดไธฅ้็ๅญๅๅฑๅฑๆบ ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅๆงๆฟ่ ๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็็งๆ็ญ็ป๏ผๅฏผ่ดๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆ็พค็ไบบๅฃๆฐ้ๆญๅดๅผ้ๅ๏ผ็ๆดป็ฏๅขๆถๅ๏ผ็คพไผไฟ้็ผบๅคฑ๏ผ็ปๆตๅฐไฝไฝไธไธๅฎๅ จๅๅฐๅจ่๏ผๆฟๆฒปๅฝฑๅๅไธ่ฝๅไธใ 1๏ผไบบๅฃ้ๅ ๅจ1492ๅนด็ฝไบบๆฎๆฐ่ ๅฐๆฅไนๅๆ500ไธๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผไฝๅฐ1800ๅนดๆฐ้้ๅไธบ60ไธไบบใๅฆๆฎ็พๅฝไบบๅฃๆฎๆฅๅฑๆฐๆฎๆพ็คบ๏ผ1900ๅนด็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๆฐ้ไธบๅฒไธๆไฝ๏ผไป ไธบ23.7ไธไบบใๅ ถไธญ๏ผ่ฃดๅฅ็นใ่ซ่ฅฟๅนฒใ้ฉฌ่จ่ฏธๅก็ญๅไฝไธช้จ่ฝๅฎๅ จ็ญ็ปใ ่ช1800ๅนด่ณ1900ๅนด้ด๏ผ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฐ้ๅๅฐ่ถ ่ฟไธๅไปฅไธ๏ผๅ ็พๅฝๆปไบบๅฃๆฐ้ๆฏไพไนไป10.15๏ผ ไธ้่ณ0.31๏ผ ใๆดไธชๅไนไธ็บช๏ผๅจ็พๅฝไบบๅฃๆฏ้10ๅนดๅฐฑๆ20๏ผ โ30๏ผ ็ๅข้ฟๆถ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฐ้ๅด็ปๅไบๆญๅดๅผๅๅฐใ็ฎๅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅ้ฟๆๆฏๅ ๅไฝๆฐ็ไบบๅฃๆฐ้ไป ๅ ็พๅฝๆปไบบๅฃ็1.3๏ผ ใ 2๏ผ็ๆดป็ฏๅขๆถๅ ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไปไธ้จ่ขซ้ฉฑ่ตถๅฐ่ดซ็ ็่ฅฟ้จๅฑ ไฝ๏ผไธๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไฟ็ๅฐๅคงๅคไฝ็ฝฎ่ๅป๏ผไธ้ๅๅๅฑๅไธ๏ผๆดไธไผๆไบบๅปๆ่ตๅๅฑๅทฅไธ๏ผๅๅ ไธๅๅธ้ถๆฃใ้ข็งฏๅคงๅฐไธไธ๏ผๅคงๅค้จ่ฝๆ ๆณ่ทๅพ่ถณๅคๅคง็ๅๅฐ่ฟ่กๅผๅ๏ผไธฅ้้ๅถไบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๅๅฑใ็พๅฝ็ฎๅ็บฆๆ310ไธชๅไฝๆฐไฟ็ๅฐ๏ผ้ข็งฏ็บฆๅ ็พๅฝ้ขๅ้ข็งฏ2.3๏ผ ๏ผไธๆฏๆๆ่้ฆ่ฎคๅฎ็้จ่ฝ้ฝๆๅ ถไฟ็ๅฐใไฟ็ๅฐๅคไฝไบๅ่ฟไธ่ดซ็ ็ๅฐๆน๏ผ็ๅญๆกไปถๅทฎ๏ผ็ผบไนๆฐดๅๅ ถไป้่ฆ่ตๆบ๏ผๅ ฌ่ทฏ็ณป็ปๆ่ถ ่ฟ60๏ผ ไธบๅ่ทฏๆ็ข็ณ่ทฏใ่กจ้ข็๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไปโ่ขซ็ญ็ปโๅไธบโ่ขซ้ๅฟโโ่ขซ้ๅฝขโโ่ขซๆญง่งโ๏ผๅฎๅไธบ่ขซโๆพไปป็ญ็ปโใ ็พๅฝๆฟๅบ่ฟ้่ฟๆฌบ้ชใๅผบ่ฟซ็ญๆนๅผ๏ผๅฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไฟ็ๅฐ็ณป็ปๆง็จไฝๆๆฏๆๆ ธๅบๆๅพๅๅบ๏ผ้ฟๆๆด้ฒไบ้็ญๆพๅฐๆง็ฉ่ดจๅฑๅฎณไธ๏ผ่ดไฝฟ็ธๅ ณ็คพๅบ็็็ ๅ็ๅ็ ๆญป็ๆๆพ้ซไบๅ จ็พๅ ถไปๅฐๅบใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ็คพๅบๅฎ้ ไธๆไธบ็พๅฝๅๅฑ่ฟ็จไธญ็โๅๅพๆกถโใไปฅๅ จ็พๆๅคง็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝ็บณ็ฆ้ๆไฟ็ๅฐไธบไพ๏ผ่ฏฅ้จ่ฝ็บฆ1๏ผ4ๅฆๅฅณๅไธไบๅฉดๅฟ็ไฝๅ ๅซๆ้ซๆตๅบฆๆพๅฐๆง็ฉ่ดจใๆๆฅ้ๆๅ๏ผๅจ2009ๅนดๅ็40ๅคๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅจ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ่่ๅฐผ้จ่ฝๅบๅๆป่ฎก่ฟ่กไบ928ๆฌกๆ ธ่ฏ้ช๏ผไบง็ไบๅคง็บฆ62ไธๅจ็ๆพๅฐๆงๆฒ้็ฉ๏ผๆฏ1945ๅนดๆฅๆฌๅนฟๅฒๅๅญๅผน็็ธๅๆไบง็็ๆพๅฐๆงๆฒ้็ฉ็่ฟ48ๅใ 3๏ผ็คพไผไฟ้็ผบๅคฑ ๆ นๆฎ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฅๅบทๆๅกๅฑๅๅธ็ๆฅๅ๏ผ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้ขๆๅฏฟๅฝๆฏ็พๅฝไบบๅนณๅๅฏฟๅฝไฝ5.5ๅฒ๏ผ็ณๅฐฟ็ ใๆ ขๆง่็ ๅ้ ็ฒพไพ่ต็็ๅ็ ็ๅๅซๆฏ็พๅฝๅนณๅ็3.2ๅใ4.6ๅๅ6.6ๅใ็ธๅ ณๅญฆๆฏ็ ็ฉถๆพ็คบ๏ผๅจ็พๅฝๅๆ่ฃ็พคไฝไธญ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็้ขๆๅฏฟๅฝๆ็ญใๅฉดๅฟๆญปไบก็ๆ้ซ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้ๅฐๅนด่ฏ็ฉๆปฅ็จ็ๅ็็้ซๅบๅ จๅฝๅนณๅๆฐดๅนณ13.3ๅ๏ผ้ ้ ๅ็็้ซๅบ1.4ๅ๏ผ่ชๆ็ไธบๅ จๅฝๅนณๅๆฐดๅนณ็1.9ๅใ่ฟไบ็ฐ่ฑกไธๆฟๅบๅ ฌๅ ฑๅป็่ตๆบๆๅ ฅไธ่ถณใๆฝๅจ็ๅฅๅบทไธๅนณ็ญใๅฐๆฐๆ่ฃ็คพๅบๆปไฝๅๅฑ่ฝๅ็ญๅ ็ด ๆฏๆฏ็ธๅ ณใ ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆไพๆ้็ๆ่ฒๅๅป็ๆดๅฉ๏ผๅ ถไธญ99๏ผ ็ปไบไฟ็ๅฐๅฑ ๆฐ๏ผไฝ70๏ผ ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆดปๅจๅๅธไนไธญ๏ผๆ ๆณๅพๅฐ็ธๅบไฟ้ใ้คไบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅป็ๆๅกๆบๆ๏ผ่ฎธๅคๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆ ๆณ่ทๅพๅป็ไฟ้ฉ๏ผ่ๅจ้ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅป็ๆๅกๆบๆๅ้้จ่ฝๅป็ๆบๆไธญ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ปๅธธ้ขไธดๆญง่งๅ่ฏญ่จ้็ขใ ๆฐๅ ็ซๆ ๆ้ด๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅจๅป็ๆน้ข็ๅผฑๅฟๅฐไฝ่ฟไธๆญฅๅธๆพใ็พๅฝ็พๆงไธญๅฟ็ป่ฎกๆฐๆฎๆพ็คบ๏ผๆช่ณ2020ๅนด8ๆ18ๆฅ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆฐๅ ่บ็ๆฃ็ ็ๆฏ็ฝไบบ็2.8ๅ๏ผ็ ไบก็ๆฏ1.4ๅใ่ๅๅฝไฝๆฟๆ้ฎ้ข็นๅซๆฅๅๅๆ นๆฎไบบๆ็ไบไผ43๏ผ14ๅทๅณ่ฎฎ็ผๅ็ๆฅๅๆๅบ๏ผ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๅ้่ฃ็พๅฝไบบๅๆฐๅ ็ซๆ ๅฝฑๅไธฅ้๏ผๅ ถไฝ้ข็ๆฏ้ๆ็พ่ฃ็ฝไบบ็5ๅใ็พๅฝๆๅคงๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไฟ็ๅฐ็บณ็ฆ้ๆๅฑ ไฝๅบ็ๆฐๅ ็ ๆฏๆๆ็ไธๅบฆ่ถ ่ฟ็บฝ็บฆ๏ผๆไธบๅ จ็พ็ฌฌไธใ ๅจๆ่ฒๆน้ข๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไฟ็ๅฐ็ๆ่ฒๆกไปถๅคงๅคง่ฝๅไบ็พๅฝ็ฝไบบๅฑ ไฝๅบใๆ นๆฎ2013โ2017ๅนด็พๅฝไบบๅฃๆฎๆฅๅฑ็ๆฐๆฎ๏ผไป ๆ14.3๏ผ ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฅๆๅญฆๅฃซๅญฆไฝๆๆด้ซๅญฆๅใ็ธๆฏไนไธ๏ผ15.2๏ผ ็ๆ็พ่ฃ็พๅฝไบบใ20.6๏ผ ็้ๆดฒ่ฃ็พๅฝไบบๅ34.5๏ผ ็็ฝไบบๆฅๆๅญฆๅฃซๅญฆไฝๆๆด้ซๅญฆๅใๅพๅคๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไฟ็ๅฐ็ๅญฆๆ กๅทฒ็ป็ ด่ดฅไธๅ ช๏ผๆ่ฒไฝ็ณปๅๅดฉ็ฆปๆใ ใ็บฝ็บฆๆถๆฅใๆฅ้๏ผๅจๆธฉๅพทๆฒณ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐไฟ็ๅฐๅญฆๆ ก๏ผๅชๆ60๏ผ ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅญฆ็ๅฎๆไบ้ซไธญๅญฆไธ๏ผ่ๆไฟๆๅท็ฝไบบๅญฆ็ๅฎๆ้ซไธญๅญฆไธ็ๆฏไพไธบ80๏ผ ๏ผไฟ็ๅฐ็่พๅญฆ็ไธบ40๏ผ ๏ผๆฏๆไฟๆๅทๅนณๅ่พๅญฆ็็ไธคๅๅค๏ผ้ๅฐๅนด่ชๆ็ๅฏ่ฝๆงๆฏ็พๅฝๅ้พไบบ็ไธคๅใ 4๏ผ็ปๆตๅๅฎๅ จๆฐดๅนณไฝไธ ่ฎธๅคๅคไบไธญ่ฅฟ้จ่ดซ็ ๅฐๅบ็ไฟ็ๅฐ็ปๆตๅๅฑๅๆป๏ผๆฒฆไธบๆ่ดซๅฐๅฐๅบ๏ผ้จๅไฟ็ๅฐ่ดซๅฐ็็่ณ่ถ ่ฟ85๏ผ ใ็พๅฝไบบๅฃๆฎๆฅๅฑ2018ๅนดๆฐๆฎๆพ็คบ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็่ดซๅฐ็ๆฏๆๆๅฐๆฐๆ่ฃไธญๆ้ซ็๏ผไธบ25.4๏ผ ๏ผ้ๆดฒ่ฃไธบ20.8๏ผ ๏ผๆ็พ่ฃไธบ17.6๏ผ ๏ผ่็ฝไบบไธบ8.1๏ผ ใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฎถๅบญๆถๅ ฅ็ไธญไฝๆฐไป ็ธๅฝไบ็ฝไบบๅฎถๅบญ็60๏ผ ใ ใๅคง่ฅฟๆดๆๅใๆพๆข่ฎฟไฝไบ็พๅฝๅ่พพ็งไปๅท็ๆดพๆฉ้ๅฅๅไฝๆฐไฟ็ๅฐ๏ผๅ็ฐ่ฟ้็ๅคฑไธ็้ซ่พพ80๏ผ ๏ผๅคงๅคๆฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆดปๅจ่้ฆ่ดซๅฐ็บฟไนไธ๏ผ่ฎธๅคๅฎถๅบญๆ นๆฌไธ้่ชๆฅๆฐดๅ็ตใ็ฑไบ่้ฆๆฟๅบๆไพ็่กฅ่ดด้ฃๅๆฎ้้ซ็ณใ้ซ็ญ้๏ผ่ฟ้็็ณๅฐฟ็ ๅ็ ็ๆฏๅ จ็พๅนณๅๆฐดๅนณ้ซ8ๅ๏ผๅนณๅ้ขๆๅฏฟๅฝไป ็บฆ50ๅฒใ ็ปๆตๆฐดๅนณ็ไฝไธๅฏผ่ดไธฅ้็คพไผๆฒปๅฎ้ฎ้ขใๅจๆดพๆฉ้ๅฅๅไฝๆฐไฟ็ๅฐ๏ผๆ ไบๅฏๅนฒ็ๅนด่ฝปไบบๅพๅพๅจๅธฎๆดพๆๅไธญๅฏปๆฑ่บซไปฝๅๅฝๅฑๆ๏ผ้ ้ ใๆๆถใๅธๆฏๅจ่ฟ้ๅฑก่งไธ้ฒใ็พๅฝๅฎถๅธๆณ็ ็ฉถๆ็ ็ฉถๆพ็คบ๏ผๅ จ็พ่ถ ่ฟ150ไธๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅ้ฟๆๆฏๅ ๅไฝๆฐๅฅณๆงๆพ้ญๅๆดๅ๏ผๅ ่ฟไธ็พคไฝๆปไบบๅฃๆฐ็84.3๏ผ ใๆญคๅค๏ผ่ฎธๅคไธๆณๅๅญๅฉ็จไฟ็ๅฐๆณๅพๆผๆดไปไบ็ฏ็ฝช่กไธบ๏ผๅฏผ่ดๅฝๅฐๆฒปๅฎๆฏๅตๆไธใ 5๏ผๆฟๆฒปๅฐไฝไฝไธ ็พๅฝไธปๆตๆฟๆฒป็ๆไธญ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ญๅ่ๆฐๆไธๅ ถ่ฏดๆฏ้ไฝโๅคฑๅฃฐโ๏ผไธๅฆ่ฏดๆฏ่ขซ็ณป็ปโๅคๅฃฐโๅโ็ณป็ปๆงๆน้คโใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฐ้่พๅฐไธๅๆฟๆๆฟไธๅผบ๏ผๆ็ฅจ็่พๅ ถไปๆ็พคๆดไฝ๏ผๅฉ็่ฏๆฑๅพๅพ่ขซๆฟๅฎขๅฟฝ็ฅ๏ผๅฏผ่ดๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅจ็พๅฝๆฒฆไธบไบ็ญๅ ฌๆฐ๏ผ่ขซ็งฐไฝโ็ไธ่ง็็พคไฝโๆโๆญฃๅจๆถๅคฑ็็งๆโ๏ผ็ด่ณ1924ๅนดๆ่ขซๆๆกไปถๅฐ่ตไบๅ ฌๆฐๅฐไฝ๏ผ1965ๅนดๆ่ขซ่ตไบ้ไธพๆใ 2020ๅนด6ๆ๏ผ็พๅฝๅ่ๅฑ ๆฐๆๅฉๅบ้ไผ็ญ็ตๅคด๏ผ็พๅฝๅ จๅฝๅๅฐๆน็่ๆ น็ป็ปใๆณๅพ็ๅๅญฆ็ๅไธ๏ผๅฏน็พๅฝๅ่้ๆฐ้ขไธด็ๆฟๆฒปๅไธ้็ขๅฑๅผ่ฐ็ ใ็ปๆๆพ็คบ๏ผ470ไธๆ้ไธพ่ตๆ ผ็็พๅฝๅ่้ๆฐไธญ๏ผไป 66๏ผ ่ฟ่กไบๆณจๅ็ป่ฎฐใ่่ถ ่ฟ150ไธๆ้ไธพ่ตๆ ผ็ๅ่้ๆฐๅ ๆฟๆฒป้็ขๆ ๆณๆญฃๅธธ่กไฝฟ้ไธพๆๅฉใ่ฐ็ ็งฐ๏ผ็พๅฝๅ่้ๆฐๅไธๆฟๆฒป้ขไธด11้กนๆฎ้้็ข๏ผๅ ๆฌๆ้็ๆฟๅกๆๅกใ้ไธพ่ต้็ๅฎไนๅๆญง่ง็ญใ็ฎๅ็พๅฝๅฝไผไธญไป ๆ4ๅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ่ฃ่ฎฎๅ๏ผ็บฆๅ ไธค้ข่ฎฎๅๆปๆฐ็0.74๏ผ ใ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็ๆดไฝไปๆฟ็ถๅตๅๆฟๆฒปๅฝฑๅ่ฟไฝไบๅ ถๅจ็พๅฝไบบๅฃไธญ็ๆฏไพใ ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็พคไฝ้ฟๆๅๅฐๅฟฝ่งๅๆญง่งใ็พๅฝๆฟๅบ็่ฎธๅค็ป่ฎกๆฐๆฎๅฎๅ จๅฟฝ็ฅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผๆ่็ๅฐๅฐๅ ถๅฝไธบโๅ ถไปโใ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไบๅกๅไผๆง่ก่ฃไบๅ ผๅพๅธ้ฆๅยทๅฏๅ่กจ็คบ๏ผๅไฝๆฐๆๅคง็ๆๅพ ๆฏ่ทๅพ็คพไผ่ฎคๅใโๆไปฌๆ็ๅคๆ ทๆๅๅ่ฏญ่จ๏ผไฝๅด็ปๅธธไธ่ขซๅฝไฝไธไธชๆ่ฃๆฅ็ๅพ ๏ผ่ๅชๆฏ่ขซ็ไฝไธไธชๆฟๆฒป้ถๅฑ๏ผๅบไบๆไปฌๅ่้ฆ็ๆก็บฆๆฅๅๅพๆ้็่ชๆฒปๆใโๅธ้ฒ้ๆฏๅญฆไผ่ฟๆๅๆ็งฐ๏ผ็พๅฝๆๅบฆๅฐฑไธๆฅๅๅฟฝ็ฅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผๆ ไบบๅ ณๆณจใ่ฎจ่ฎบ่ฟไธ็พคไฝ็็ปๆตๆ ๅตใๅ ๅทๆ่ฟ200ไธชๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้จ่ฝ๏ผไป ไธๅๅพๅฐ่้ฆๆฟๅบ่ฎคๅฏใ่ฝ็ถๆ็ปๆฟๅบไปปๅฝไบ้ฆไฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅ ้้จ้ฟ๏ผไฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆดไฝไปๆฟ็ถๅตๅๆฟๆฒปๅฝฑๅๅ่ฟไฝไบๅ ถๅจ็พๅฝไบบๅฃไธญๆๅ ็ๆฏไพใ ็พๅฝๅไฝๅคงๅญฆ้ๆพ็ๅ ฌๅ ฑๅซ็ๅญฆ้ขๆฐ่ฐ็ปๆๆพ็คบ๏ผ่ถ ่ฟไธๅไนไธ็็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๆพๅจๅทฅไฝๅบๆ้ญ้ๆผ ่งใๆดๅใ็พ่พฑๅๆญง่ง๏ผ่ๅฑ ไฝๅจๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ๅฑ ๅบ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅจไธ่ญฆๅฏๆไบค้ใๅทฅไฝๅๆ็ฅจๆถๆดๅฏ่ฝ่ขซๆญง่งใๆฎ็พๅฝๅ ๆฟ้จ็ป่ฎก๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ่ฃๅ ่ฝปๅพฎ็ฏ็ฝช่ๅ ฅ็ฑ็ๆฆ็ๆฏๅ ถไปๆ่ฃ็ไธคๅใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ็ทๆง็็ฆ็ๆฏ็ฝไบบ็ทๆง็4ๅ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฅณๆง็็ฆ็ๅ้ซ่พพ็ฝไบบๅฅณๆง็6ๅใ ใๅคง่ฅฟๆดๆๅใ่ฏ่ฎบ่ฏด๏ผไปๅๅฒไธ้ญ้ฉฑ้ใๅฑ ๆฎๅๅผบๅถๅๅ๏ผๅฐๅฆไปๆดไฝๆง็่ดซๅฐๅ่ขซๅฟฝ่ง๏ผๅๆฌๆฏ่ฟ็ๅคง้ไธปไบบ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅดๅจ็พๅฝ็คพไผๅฃฐ้ณๅพฎๅผฑใ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไฝๅฎถไธฝ่ดๅกยท็บณๆ ผๅฐไธ้่ง่กๅฐๆๅบ๏ผ่ขซ้ๅฝข๏ผๆฏๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ญๅ่ๅฑ ๆฐ็ๆฐๅ็งๆๆญง่งใใๆดๆ็ถๆถๆฅใ่ฏ่ฎบ็งฐ๏ผๅไฝๆฐ้ญๅ็ไธๅ ฌๆญฃๅพ ้ๆทฑๅตๅจ็พๅฝ็คพไผ็ป็ปๆถๆๅๆณๅพไฝ็ณปไธญใ 6๏ผๆๅๆฟๅฑ 19ไธ็บช70ๅนดไปฃ่ณ20ไธ็บช20ๅนดไปฃๆซ๏ผ็พๅฝๆฟๅบไธบๆจ่ก่ฑ่ฏญๅๅบ็ฃๆๆ่ฒ๏ผๅจๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฑ ไฝๅบๅผบๅๆจ่กๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฏๅฎฟๅญฆๆ กๅถๅบฆ๏ผๅพๅคๅฐๆน็่ณๅบ็ฐ็ปๆถๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅญฉ็ซฅๅนถๅผบๅถๅ ฅๅญฆ็ไบไปถใ็พๅฝๅๅฒไธๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฎ่กๅฏๅฎฟๅญฆๆ กๅถๅบฆ๏ผๅฐคๅ ถๅฏน้ๅนดๅๅฟ็ซฅ้ ๆๆ ๆณๆฝๅ็ไธฅ้ๅไผคใ่ฎธๅคๅนด่ฝปไธไปฃ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๆขๆ ๆณๅจไธปๆต็คพไผ็ซ่ถณ๏ผๅ้พไปฅไฟๆๅๅผๆฌไผ ็ปๆๅ๏ผๅฏน่ช่บซๆๅๅ่บซไปฝๆๅฐ่ฟทๆ็่ฆใ ่ฟไบๅฏๅฎฟๅญฆๆ กๅพๅพๅชๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅ่ฑกๅพๅๆฐ็้ฟ่พซ๏ผ็งๆฏไปไปฌ็ไผ ็ปๆ้ฅฐ๏ผไธฅ็ฆไปไปฌ่ฏดๆฏ่ฏญ๏ผๅฆๅไพฟ่ฆๅฏนๅ ถๆฏๆใๅจ่ฟไบๅญฆๆ ก้๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅ่ขซ่ฟซๆฅๅๅไบๅ็ฎก็๏ผไธไป ไผๅๅฐๆๅไฝ็ฝ๏ผๆไบๅฟ็ซฅ่ฟ้ญๅๆง่ๅพ ใไธๅฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅๅ ๆ่ฒๆนๅผ็่ๅปใ็ๆดปไน ๆฏ็ๅทฎๅผใๅฏนไบฒไบบ็ๆๅฟตๅ่ฅๅ ปไธ่ฏ่็็ ็่ณๆญปไบกใ ็พๅฝๆฟๅบ่ฟๆพๅถๅฎๆณๅพ็ฆๆญขๅไฝๆฐไธพ่กไปฃไปฃ็ธไผ ็ๅฎๆไปชๅผ๏ผๅไธๆญค็ฑปๆดปๅจ็ไบบไผ้ญๅๆๆๅ็็ฆใ20ไธ็บชไปฅๆฅ๏ผ้็็พๅฝๆฐๆ่ฟๅจๆตชๆฝฎ้ฃ่ตทไบๆถ๏ผ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐไผ ็ปๆๅๅๅๅฒ็ไฟๆค็ถๅตๆไธๅฎๅฅฝ่ฝฌ๏ผไฝไธๅทฒ้ญๅ่ฟไบไธฅ้็็ ดๅ๏ผๆฎๅญไธๆฅ็ๅคงๅคๆฏๅไบบๅๅฉ่ฑ่ฏญไฟๅญไธๆฅ็ๆๅ้่ฟนใ ็บณๆ ผๅฐ่ฎคไธบ๏ผๆๅ ณ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็ไฟกๆฏๅจ็พๅฝไธปๆตๅชไฝๅๆต่กๆๅไธญ่ขซ็ณป็ปๆงๅฐๆธ ้คใๆฎ็พๅฝๅ่ๆ่ฒ็ป็ปๆฅๅ๏ผ87๏ผ ็ๅท็บงๅๅฒๆๆไธๆถๅ1900ๅนดไปฅๅ็ๅ่ๅๅฒใๅฒๅฏๆฃฎๅญฆไผ็ญๆฐๆ็งฐ๏ผ็พๅฝๅญฆๆ ก้่ฎฒๆ็ๆๅ ณๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๅ ๅฎนๅ ๆฅไธๅ็กฎ็ไฟกๆฏ๏ผๆชๅฆๅฎๆ่ฟฐๅไฝๆฐ็้ญ้ใๆฅ่ชๅฎพๅท็ๅๅ ฑๅๅ ๅ่ฎฎๅๆกๆๅๅงๅจ็พๅฝ้ๅนดๅบ้ไผไธ็ซๅ ฌๅผ็งฐโ็พๅฝๆฏไธไธชไป้ถ่ฏ็็ๅฝๅฎถ๏ผไนๅ่ฟ้ๅ ไนไปไน้ฝๆฒกๆโฆโฆ่ฏดๅฎ่ฏ๏ผ็พๅฝๆๅไธญๅ ไนไธๅ ๅซ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๆๅใโๆ ่งๅๆนๆไบๅไฝๆฐๆๅๅจ็พๅฝๆๅไธญ็ๅฐไฝใ ไธใ็พๅฝๅ ๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้ญๅโ็งๆ็ญ็ปโ็ๆน่ฏไนๅฃฐ็ปตๅปถไธ็ป๏ผไฝ้ญๆฟๅบๆ ่ง ไธๆฏๅญฆ็ๆๅ ฑ่ฏใ่ชไธไธ็บช70ๅนดไปฃ่ตท๏ผ็พๅฝๅญฆ็ๅผๅงไฝฟ็จโ็งๆ็ญ็ปโๆง่ฏ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฟ็ญใ90ๅนดไปฃ๏ผๅคๅจๅคทๅคงๅญฆๆๆๆด็ปดยทๆฏๅฆ็บณๅพทๆ่ใ็พๆดฒๅคงๅฑ ๆ๏ผๅพๆๆฐไธ็ใๅ็ง็ฝๆๅคๅคงๅญฆๅๆๆๆฒๅพทยทไธๅๅฐๆ่ใ็งๆ็ญ็ป้ฃไปถๅฐไบใ้ๅจๅญฆ็ใๅฆๆ่ถ้ฒๅคงๅญฆๆๆๆฌยทๅบๅฐๅ่ไฝใ้ฒ่กไธๅๅฐ๏ผไธ็็งๆ็ญ็ปๅๆถไบกๅฒใๆผ่ฆไป็ป็พๅฝๅจไธๅๅๅฒ้ถๆฎตๅๅจ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ็งๆ็ญ็ปไบไปถ๏ผๅ ๅฉ็ฆๅฐผไบๅคงๅญฆๆดๆ็ถๅๆ กๅฏๆๆๆฌๆฐๆยท้บฆๅพทๅฉ่ไฝใ็พๆดฒ็งๆ็ญ็ป๏ผ็พๅฝๅๅ ๅท็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็ๆฒๆญ๏ผ1846โ1873ใๆทฑๅบฆๆๆๅ ๅทๆท้ๆฝฎๆถๆๆฟๅบๅๅจ็็ญ็ป็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็ๆกฉๆกฉๆจๆก็ญใ ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๅๅฒๅญฆๅฎถ็ฝๅ ็ยท้ๅทดโๅฅฅๅฐ่ๆฏ่ฎบ่ฏ่ฎคไธบ๏ผใ้ฒๆญขๅๆฉๆฒป็ญ็ป็งๆ็ฝชๅ ฌ็บฆใๅ ณไบ็งๆ็ญ็ปๆๅไธพ5้กน็ฝช็ถไธญ็ๆฏไธๆก้ฝ่ฝๅจ็พๅฝ้ๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็็ฝช่กไธญๆพๅฐๅฏนๅบ๏ผ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๆ ็ๆฏ็งๆ็ญ็ปๅๅฎณ่ ๏ผๆฟ่ฎค็พๅฝๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฟ็ญ็ณป็งๆ็ญ็ปๅ ทๆ้่ฆๆไนใ ไบๆฏๅชไฝๆๅผๅใใ็บฝ็บฆๆถๆฅใๅๆๆฅ้ๅ ๅฉ็ฆๅฐผไบๅคงๅญฆ้ปๆฏๅปทๆฏๆณๅญฆ้ขไปฅ็งๆ็ญ็ป่ ๅฝๅ๏ผๅ ้ๆจๅจๅญฆ้ขๆดๅ่ฟ็จใ็พๅฝๅนฟๆญๅ ฌๅธๆฅ้๏ผ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ่ฏๆฑๅคงๅฐไบๅไธปๆ๏ผๅฐๅฐไบๅ่ฏๆฑ่ขซๅฌๅฐใๆๅ่ฎฟ่ ่กจ็คบ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅๅฐ่ขซ็ชๅใ่ฏญ่จ่ขซๆนๆๅฐฑๆฏ็ณป็ปๆง็งๆ็ญ็ปใใๅ็้กฟ้ฎๆฅใๅๆ่ฐด่ดฃ็พๅฝไปๆชๆญฃๅผๆฟ่ฎคๅฏนๅไฝๆฐๅฎๆฝ็็งๆ็ญ็ปๆฟ็ญใใๅคไบคๆฟ็ญใๅๆ่ฆๆฑ็พๅฝๅฟ ้กปๆฟ่ฎคๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็็งๆ็ญ็ปใ2021ๅนด11ๆ๏ผ้ขไธบใ่ต้ใ็็บชๅฝ็ไธๆ ๏ผ้่ฏทๅไฝๆฐ้ ่ฏป็พๅฝ้ซ้ขๆฌ่ตๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅคด็ฎ็ๅฎๆนๅๅฒๆไปถ๏ผๅผไบบๅๆ็พๅฝๆฎๆด็็งๆ็ญ็ปๆฟ็ญใ ้็ไบๆๅๅนณๆ่ฟๅจ็ๅผๅฑ๏ผ็พๅฝ็คพไผๅผๅงๅ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้ฎ้ขใๆฟๅบๆพๅบๅฐๅณ่ฎฎๆกๅๅไฝๆฐ้ๆญใๅ ๅฉ็ฆๅฐผไบๅทๅท้ฟ็บฝๆฃฎๅจ2019ๅนดๅ่กจๅฃฐๆๅๅ ๅทๅไฝๆฐ้ๆญ๏ผๆฟ่ฎคๅ ๅท19ไธ็บชไธญๅถๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๆ็พค้ๅ็่กไธบๅฑไบ็งๆ็ญ็ปใ ็ถ่๏ผๆฟๅบ็ๅๆๆดๅๆฏโๆฟๆฒปไฝ็งโ๏ผไปๆชๆญฃๅผๆฟ่ฎค็พๅฝๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ฏไธ็ๆด่กๆฏ็งๆ็ญ็ป่กไธบ๏ผ็ๆญฃ็ๆนๅ้ฅ้ฅๆ ๆใ ็ปผไธๆ่ฟฐ๏ผ็พๅฝๅๅฑๆฟๅบไธไป ไป่ไฝไธๅคง้ๆถ็ญๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผๆด้่ฟ็ณป็ปๆงๅถๅบฆ่ฎพ่ฎกใ้ธๅๅผๆๅๅๅถ๏ผไปคๅไฝๆฐ็็ๅญ้ทๅ ฅไธๅฏ้่ฝฌ็ๅฐๅข๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆๅๅๅฐๆ นๆฌๆง็ ดๅ๏ผ็ๅฝๅ็ฒพ็ฅ็ไปฃ้ ๅญ็ปญๅๅฐไธฅ้ๅจ่ใ็พๅฝๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๅฑ ๆใๅผบๅถ่ฟ็งปใๆๅๅๅไธไธๅ ฌๆญฃๅพ ้ๅทฒๆๆไบๅฎไธ็็งๆ็ญ็ป๏ผๅฎๅ จ็ฌฆๅ่ๅๅฝใ้ฒๆญขๅๆฉๆฒป็ญ็ป็งๆ็ฝชๅ ฌ็บฆใๅ ณไบ็งๆ็ญ็ป็ๅฎไน๏ผ่ไธๅ็ปๆฐ็พๅนด่ณไปไปๅจๅปถ็ปญใ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅบ่ฏฅๆพๅผๅ ถๅจไบบๆ้ฎ้ขไธ็่ไผชๅๅ้ๆ ๅ๏ผ่ฎค็ไธฅ่ๅฏนๅพ ๆฌๅฝๅฝๅ ๅญๅจ็ไธฅ้็งๆ้ฎ้ขๅ็ฝช่กใ
China was bombed by NATO. Where are you๏ผRussia is threatened by NATO. Why don't you say that ? Stupid peace is more hateful than war?You only choose peace that is in your interest๏ผ๏ผFUCK USA๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
ไธไธๅ ๅฎนๆฅ่ชๅฎๆน็ฝ็ซhttps://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zyxw/202203/t20220302_10647118.shtml ่ฏท็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅๅบ่งฃ้ๅนถ่ตๅฟ ๅนถ้ๆญ็ป็พๆดฒๅไฝๆฐ๏ผๅนถไธๅ จไฝ็ๆ ผ้ฒๆๅ ้ไบบ้ฝๆฌๅบๅไฝๆฐๆ ไนก
็งๆ็ญ็ป๏ผgenocide๏ผ๏ผ็ฑๅคๅธ่ ๆโไบบ็งใๆฐๆๆ้จ่ฝโ๏ผgenos๏ผๅๆไธๆโๅฑ ๆใๆถ็ญโ๏ผcaedere๏ผ็ปๆ๏ผ1944ๅนด่ฏฅ่ฏ็ฑๆณขๅ ฐ็ฑ็นๅคชๆณๅพๅญฆ่ ๆๆๅฐยท่ฑๅง้ๅจๅ ถๅบ็็ใ่ฝดๅฟๅฝๅ ้ขๆฌงๆดฒๅ็็ปๆฒปใไธไนฆไธญๆๅบ๏ผๆๅๆโไธไธชๅฝๅฎถๆไธไธชๆฐๆ็ๆฏ็ญโใ
1946ๅนด่ๅๅฝๅคงไผ็ฌฌ96ๅทๅณ่ฎฎ็กฎ่ฎคไบ็ญ็ป็งๆ็ฝชๆฏๅฝ้ ๆณ่งๅฎ็ไธ้กน็ฝช่ก๏ผ่ฎคไธบโ็งๆ็ญ็ปๆฏๅฏนๆดไธชไบบ็ฑป็พคไฝ---็ๅญๆๅฉ็ๅฆๅฎ๏ผๆญฃๅฆๆไบบๆฏๅฏนไธชไบบ็ๅญๆๅฉ็ๅฆๅฎไธๆ ท๏ผ่ฟ็งๅฅๅคบ็ๅญๆ็่กไธบ้ๆไบไบบ็ฑป็่ฏ็ฅ๏ผโฆโฆๅนถไธ่ฟ่ไบ้ๅพทๆณๅไปฅๅ่ๅๅฝ็็ฒพ็ฅๅ็ฎๆ โใ
1948ๅนด12ๆ9ๆฅ๏ผ่ๅๅฝๅคงไผ้่ฟ็ฌฌ260Aๅทๅณ่ฎฎใ้ฒๆญขๅๆฉๆฒป็ญ็ป็งๆ็ฝชๅ ฌ็บฆใ๏ผๅนถไบ1951ๅนด1ๆ12ๆฅ็ๆใ่ฏฅๅณ่ฎฎ่ฎคไธบโๆๅฒไปฅๆฅ๏ผ็ญ็ป็งๆ่กไธบๆฎ็ฅธไบบ็ฑป่ณไธบๆจ็โใๅ ฌ็บฆ็ฌฌไบๆกๆ็กฎๅฎไน๏ผ็ญ็ป็งๆ็ณปๆ่ๆๅ จ้จๆๅฑ้จๆถ็ญๆไธๆฐๆใๆ่ฃใ็งๆๆๅฎๆๅขไฝ๏ผ็ฏๆไธๅ่กไธบไนไธ่ ๏ผ๏ผ1๏ผๆๅฎณ่ฏฅๅขไฝ็ๆๅ๏ผ๏ผ2๏ผ่ดไฝฟ่ฏฅๅขไฝ็ๆๅๅจ่บซไฝไธๆ็ฒพ็ฅไธ้ญๅไธฅ้ไผคๅฎณ๏ผ๏ผ3๏ผๆ ๆไฝฟ่ฏฅๅขไฝๅคไบๆ็ง็ๆดป็ถๅตไธ๏ผไปฅๆฏ็ญๅ ถๅ จ้จๆ้จๅ็็ๅฝ๏ผ๏ผ4๏ผๅผบๅถๆฝ่กไผๅพ้ปๆญข่ฏฅๅขไฝๅ ้จ็่ฒ็ๆชๆฝ๏ผ๏ผ5๏ผๅผบ่ฟซ่ฝฌ็งป่ฏฅๅขไฝ็ๅฟ็ซฅ่ณๅฆไธๅขไฝใ็พๅฝไบ1988ๅนดๆนๅ่ฏฅๅ ฌ็บฆใ
็พๅฝๅฝๅ ๆณๅฏน็งๆ็ญ็ปไนๆๆ็กฎ่งๅฎใใ็พๅฝๆณๅ ธใ็ฌฌ18ๅท1091ๆกๅฏน็งๆ็ญ็ป็ๅฎไนไธใ้ฒๆญขๅๆฉๆฒป็ญ็ป็งๆ็ฝชๅ ฌ็บฆใ็ธ่ฟ๏ผ่ฎคไธบ็งๆ็ญ็ป็ฝชๆฏไปฅๅฎๅ จๆ้จๅๆงๆฏไธไธชๆฐๆใๆ่ฃใ็งๆๆๅฎๆๅขไฝไธบ็นๅฎๆๅพ้ๅ็ๆดๅๆปๅป่กไธบใ
ๆ นๆฎๅๅฒ่ฎฐๅฝๅๅชไฝๆฅ้๏ผ็พๅฝ่ชๅปบๅฝไปฅๆฅ๏ผ้่ฟๅฑ ๆใ้ฉฑ่ตถใๅผบๅถๅๅ็ญๆๆฎต๏ผ็ณป็ปๆงๅฅๅคบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็็ๅญๆๅๅบๆฌๆฟๆฒปใ็ปๆตใๆๅๆๅฉ๏ผ่ฏๅพไป่ไฝๅๆๅไธๆถ็ญ่ฟไธ็พคไฝใๆถ่ณไปๆฅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไป้ขไธดไธฅ้็็ๅญๅฑๆบใ
ๅฏน็ งๅฝ้ ๆณๅ็พๅฝๅฝๅ ๆณ๏ผ็พๅฝๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆไฝๆไธบๆถต็ไบๅฎไน็งๆ็ญ็ป็ฝช็ๆๆ่กไธบ๏ผๆฏๆ ๅฏไบ่พฉ็็งๆ็ญ็ปใ็พๅฝใๅคไบคๆฟ็ญใๆๅฟ่ฏ่ฎบๆๅบ๏ผ้ๅฏน็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็็ฝช่กๅฎๅ จ็ฌฆๅ็ฐ่กๅฝ้ ๆณๅฏนไบ็งๆ็ญ็ป็ฝช็ๅฎไนใ
็งๆ็ญ็ป็ๆทฑ้็ฝชๅญฝๆฏ็พๅฝๆฐธ่ฟๆ ๆณๆด็ฝ็ๅๅฒๆฑก็น๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆฒ็ๆฒๅงๆฏไบบ็ฑปๆฐธ่ฟไธๅบๅฟๅด็ๅๅฒๆ่ฎญใ
ไธใ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฎๆฝ็งๆ็ญ็ป็็ฝช่ฏ
1๏ผๆฟๅบไธปๅฏผๅฎๆฝ
1776ๅนด7ๆ4ๆฅ๏ผ็พๅฝๅๅธใ็ฌ็ซๅฎฃ่จใ๏ผ็พๅฉๅๅไผๅฝๆ็ซใใ็ฌ็ซๅฎฃ่จใๆๆ่ฎฐ่ฝฝ๏ผโไป๏ผๆ่ฑๅฝๅฝ็๏ผๅจๆไปฌไธญ้ด็ ฝๅจๅ ไนฑ๏ผๅนถไธ็ซญๅๆๅ้ฃไบๆฎ้ ทๆ ๆ ใๆฒกๆๅผๅ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฅๆๆ ๆไปฌ่พน็็ๅฑ ๆฐโ๏ผๅ ฌๅผๆฑก่็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๆฏโๆฎ้ ทๆ ๆ ใๆฒกๆๅผๅโ็็งๆใ
็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅๆงๆฟ่ ๅฏนๅพ ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ๏ผๅฅ่ก็ฝไบบไผ่ถไธปไนใ็ฝไบบ่ณไธไธปไน๏ผๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ตถๅฐฝๆ็ป๏ผๅนถ่ฏๅพ้่ฟโๆๅ็ญ็ปโๆถ็ญ่ฟไธ็งๆใ
ๅจ็พๅฝ็ฌฌไธๆฌก็ฌ็ซๆไบ๏ผ1775ๅนด่ณ1783ๅนด๏ผใ็ฌฌไบๆฌก็ฌ็ซๆไบ๏ผ1812ๅนด่ณ1815ๅนด๏ผๅๅๅๆไบ๏ผ1861ๅนด่ณ1865ๅนด๏ผไธญ๏ผ็พๅฝๆงๆฟ่ ๆฅไบๆ่ฑไฝไธบๆฌงๆดฒๆฎๆฐไธปไน็ปๆต้ๅบธ็็งๆคๅญ็ปๆตๅฐไฝ๏ผๆฉๅคง้ขๅ้ข็งฏ๏ผๅฐ็ฎๅ ็ๅไบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆไธญๅคง้็ๅๅฐ๏ผๅๅจไบไธๅๆฌกๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝ็่ขญๅป๏ผๅฑ ๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็้ฆ้ขใๅฃซๅ ตไน่ณๅนณๆฐ๏ผๅฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๅๅฐๅ ไธบๅทฑๆใ
1862ๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝ้ขๅธใๅฎ ๅฐๆณใใ่ฏฅๆณ่งๅฎ๏ผๆฏไธชๅนดๆปก21ๅฒ็็พๅฝๅ ฌๆฐๅช้็ผด็บณ10็พๅ ็ป่ฎฐ่ดน๏ผๅฐฑ่ฝๅจ่ฅฟ้จ่ทๅพไธ่ถ ่ฟ160่ฑไบฉ๏ผ็บฆๅ64.75ๅ ฌ้กท๏ผ็ๅๅฐใๅจๅๅฐ็่ฏฑๆไธ๏ผ็ฝไบบ็บท็บท่ทๅฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆๅจๅบๅๅฑๅผๅคง่ๅฑ ๆ๏ผ่ขซๆๅฎณ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆๅไธไธใ
ๆถไปป็พๅฝๆฟๅบ้ขๅฏผไบบๆพๅ ฌๅผ็งฐ๏ผโ็จๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็็ฎๅฏไปฅๅๅบไผ่ดจ็้ฟ็ญ้ดโ๏ผโๅฟ ้กป็ญ็ปๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆๆไปไปฌ่ตถๅฐๆไปฌไธๅป็ๅฐๆนโ๏ผโๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฟ ้กป่ฟ ้่ขซๆถ็ญโ๏ผโๅชๆๆญปๆ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆๆฏๅฅฝ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบโใ็พๅฝๅไบบ่งๅฑ ๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅคฉ็ปๅฐไน๏ผ็่ณๆฏไธ็ง่ฃ่๏ผโไธๆไปไปฌๆๅ ๅณไธไผ็ฝขไผโใ็ฑปไผผไป่ง่จ่ฎบไธๆด่กไธ่ๆไธพ๏ผๅจ่ฏธๅค็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็ญ็ปไธ่ไธญๅๆ่ฏฆ็ป่ฎฐ่ฝฝใ
2๏ผ่ก่ ฅๅฑ ๆๅๆด่ก
่ชๆฎๆฐ่ ่ธ่ถณๅ็พๆดฒๆถ่ตท๏ผๅฐฑๆ่ฎกๅๅฐๅคง่งๆจก็ๆๅ็พ้็๏ผๆญ็ปๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็้ฃ็ฉๅๅบๆฌ็ๆดปๆฅๆบ๏ผๅฏผ่ดไปไปฌๅ ้ฅฅ้ฅฟ่ๆๆนๆญปไบกใ
ๆฎ็ป่ฎก๏ผ่ช1776ๅนด็พๅฝๅฎฃๅธ็ฌ็ซๅ๏ผ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅ ๅๅๅจไบ่ถ ่ฟ1500ๆฌก่ขญๅป๏ผๆปๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝ๏ผๅฑ ๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผๅ ้ขไปไปฌ็ๅๅฐ๏ผ็ฝช่ก็ฝ็ซน้พไนฆใ1814ๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝ้ขๅธๆณไปค๏ผ่งๅฎๆฏไธ็ผดไธไธชๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๅคด็็ฎ๏ผ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅฐๅฅๅฑ50่ณ100็พๅ ใๅผ้ทๅพท้ๅ ยท็น็บณๅจ1893ๅนดๅ่กจ็ใ่พน็ๅจ็พๅฝๅๅฒไธ็้่ฆๆงใไธญๆฟ่ฎค๏ผโๆฏๆก่พน็้ฝๆฏ้่ฟไธ็ณปๅๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆไบ่่ทๅพ็ใโ
ๅ ๅทๆท้ๆฝฎไบฆๅธฆๆฅๅ ๅทๅคงๅฑ ๆใ้ฆไปปๅ ๅทๅท้ฟๅฝผๅพยทไผฏๅ ็นๆๅบ่ฆๅฏน็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๅๅจ็ญ็ปไนๆ๏ผๅทๅ ็ญ็ปๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅผๅฃฐ้ซๆถจใๅจๅไนไธ็บชไบๅ ญๅๅนดไปฃ็ๅ ๅท๏ผไธไธชๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๅคด้ข ๆๅคด็ฎ่ฝๆข5็พๅ ๏ผ่ๅฝๆถ็ๆฅๅๅทฅ่ตๆฏ25็พๅใไป1846ๅนด่ณ1873ๅนด๏ผๅ ๅทๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฃไป15ไธ่ท่ฝ่ณ3ไธใๆญปไบๆด่ก็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไธ่ฎกๅ ถๆฐใไธไบ้ๅคง็ๅฑ ๆไบไปถๅ ๆฌ๏ผ
โ1811ๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝๅ้ๅจ่็ฎๅก่ฏบๅคงๆไธญๅป่ดฅ่ๅ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้ฆ้ข็นๅบๅงๅกๅไป็ๅ้๏ผ็งๆฏๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้ฆๅบๅ ็ฅ้ๅนถๅฎๆฝๆฎ้ ท็ๅฑ ๆใ
โ1813ๅนด11ๆ่ณ1814ๅนด1ๆ๏ผ็พๅๅๅจ้ๅฏน็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็ๅ ้ๅ ๆไบ๏ผๅ็งฐ้ฉฌ่นๆนพไนๆใ1814ๅนด3ๆ27ๆฅ๏ผๅจๅฏ่ฅฟ่ฅฟๆฏ้ขๅฐ้ฉฌ่นๆนพ๏ผ็บฆ3000ๅๅฃซๅ ตๅๅ ้ๅ ๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅ่ตท่ฟๆปใๅจ่ฟๆฌกๆๆไธญ๏ผ800ๅคๅๅ ้ๅ ๆๆๅฃซๆจ้ญๅฑ ๆ๏ผๅ ้ๅ ๆ็ๅไบๅฎๅไปๆญคๅคงไธบๅๅผฑใๆ นๆฎๅๅนด8ๆ9ๆฅ็ญพ่ฎข็ใๆฐๅ ้ๅ กๆก็บฆใ๏ผๅ ้ๅ ๆไบบๅฐ2300ๅคไธ่ฑไบฉ็ๅๅฐๅฒ่ฎฉ็ป็พๅฝ่้ฆๆฟๅบใ
โ1864ๅนด11ๆ29ๆฅๅ ๅฐๆฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅๅฏน็ญพ่ฎขๅบ่ฎฉๅๅฐ็ๅ่ฎฎ๏ผ็พๅฝ็งๅธ็บฆ็ฟฐยทๅฅๆ้กฟๅจ็ง็ฝๆๅคๅทไธๅ้จ็ๆฒๆบชๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ฟ่กๅฑ ๆใ่ฟไนๆฏๆ่ญๅๆญ่็ไธๆฌก็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๅคงๅฑ ๆใ็พๅฝ็บฝ็บฆๅคงๅญฆๅๅฒ็ณปๆๆ็ๅฉไบยท่ๆไบๅจ้่ฎฟไธญๆๅฐ๏ผๅฅๆ้กฟ็ๅฃซๅ ตไปฌๅฅไธๅฆๅฅณๅฟ็ซฅ็ๅคด็ฎ๏ผ็ ไธไปไปฌ็ๅคด๏ผๅนถไธๅจๅๅฐไธนไฝๅๆธธ่ก็คบไผใ
่ๅๅฝๅ่ไบบๆๅฉ้ฎ้ข็นๅซๆฅๅๅ้ฟ็บณไบๅจ2012ๅนด่ฎฟ็พๅๆไบคๅฝๅซ่ฎฟ้ฎๆฅๅ๏ผ็งฐๆฒๆบชๅคงๅฑ ๆไบไปถๅๅฎณ่ ๅ่ฃๆง่ฏ๏ผ1864ๅนด็บฆ700ๅ็พๆญฆ่ฃ ๅฃซๅ ตๅฏนไฝๅจ็ง็ฝๆๅคๅทๆฒๆบช่พนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไฟ็ๅฐ็ๅคๅฎๅ้ฟๆๅธ้ๆไบบ่ฟ่ก็ช่ขญๅๅฐๆใๆฎๅชไฝๆฅ้๏ผๆญคๆฌกๅฑ ๆไบไปถ้ ๆ200ไฝๅ้จ่ฝๆๅไธญ70่ณ163ไบบๆญปไบก๏ผไธๅไนไบ็ๆญป่ ๆฏๅฆๅฅณๆๅฟ็ซฅ๏ผๆ ไบบไธบๆญคๆฌกๅฑ ๆ่ด่ดฃใ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๆพๅ้จ่ฝๅ่ฃ่พพๆ่ตๅฟๅ่ฎฎ๏ผไฝ่ณไปๆชๅฑฅ่กใ
โ1890ๅนด12ๆ29ๆฅ๏ผๅจๅ่พพ็งไปๅท็ไผค่ๆฒณ้่ฟ๏ผ็พๅๅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฐๅป๏ผๆฎ็พๅฝๅฝไผ่ฎฐๅฝ๏ผๆญปไผค่ ่ถ ่ฟ350ไบบใไผค่ๆฒณๅคงๅฑ ๆๅ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆญฆ่ฃ ๅๆๅบๆฌ่ขซ้ๅ๏ผ็บฆ20ๅ็พๅๅฃซๅ ต่ฟ่ขซๆไบ่ฃ่ชๅ็ซ ใ
โ1930ๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบๅกๅฑ้่ฟโๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฅๅบทๆๅกโ้กน็ฎๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฆๅฅณๅฎๆฝ็ป่ฒใ็ป่ฒๆๆฏๆ็ไฟๆคๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฆๅฅณๅฅๅบท็ๆๅท๏ผ้จๅๆๆฏ็่ณๅจๅฆๅฅณไธ็ฅๆ ็ๆ ๅตไธ่ฟ่กใๆฎ็ป่ฎก๏ผ20ไธ็บช70ๅนดไปฃๅ๏ผ่ถ ่ฟ42๏ผ ่ฒ้พๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฆๅฅณ่ขซ็ป่ฒใๅฏนๅพๅคๅฐ้จ่ฝ่่จ๏ผ่ฟๅ ไนๅฏผ่ดๆดไธช้จ่ฝ็ญ็ปใๆช่ณ1976ๅนด๏ผๅคง็บฆ7ไธๅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฆๅฅณ่ขซๅผบๅถ็ป่ฒใ
3๏ผ่ฅฟ่ฟ่ฟๅจๅๅผบๅถ่ฟ็งป
็พๅฝๅปบๅฝไนๅ่งๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝไธบไธปๆๅฎไฝ๏ผไธป่ฆไพ้ ๅ็ญพๆก็บฆ็ๆนๅผไธๅ ถ่ฟ่กๅๅฐใ่ดธๆใๅธๆณ็ญ้ฎ้ขไบคๆถ๏ผๅถๅฐไธๅ ถๅ็ๆไบใๆช่ณ1840ๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝไธๅ้จ่ฝ่พพๆ200ๅค้กนๆก็บฆ๏ผๅ ถไธญๅคๆฐๆฏๅจ็พๅฝๅไบๅๆฟๆฒปๅๅไธ่พพๆ็ไธๅนณ็ญๆก็บฆ๏ผๅ ๆปกๆฌบ็ๅ้ชใๅจ้ผๅฉ่ฏฑ๏ผๅชๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝๅ ทๆ็บฆๆๅ๏ผๆฏๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝๅทงๅ่ฑชๅคบ็ไธป่ฆๅทฅๅ ทใ
1830ๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝ้่ฟใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ฟ็งปๆณๆกใ๏ผๆ ๅฟ็็พๅฝๅผบ่ฟซๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ฟ็งป็ๅถๅบฆๅใ่ฏฅๆณๆกๆดไปๆณๅพไธๅฅๅคบไบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้จ่ฝๅจ็พๅฝไธ้จๅฑ ไฝ็ๆๅฉ๏ผ่ฟซไฝฟ็บฆ10ไธๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไปๅ้จๆ ๅ่ฟ็งป่ณๅฏ่ฅฟ่ฅฟๆฏๆฒณไปฅ่ฅฟใ่ฟๅพๅผๅงไบ็็ๅคๆฅ๏ผๅ็ปๆฐๆธฉ่พพๅฐ้ถไธ็ๅฌๅคฉ๏ผๆฏๆฅๅพๆญฅ16่ฑ้๏ผๆๅไธไธไบบๅ ้ฅฅๅฏไบค่ฟซใๅณ็ดฏ่ฟๅบฆๆ็พ็ ็็ซๆญปไบ้ไธญ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฃๆฐ้้ๅ๏ผๅผบ่ฟไน่ทฏๅไธบโ่กๆณชไน่ทฏโใๆ็ป่ฟ็งป็้จ่ฝๅ่ขซ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅๅ ตๅพ่ฎจใๆดๅ่ฟซ่ฟ็่ณๅฑ ๆใ
ๅพๅ ่จๆฏๅ ๅ ฅ็พๅฝๅ็1839ๅนด๏ผๆฟๅบ่ฆๆฑๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ซๅปๆค็ฆป๏ผๅฆๅๆฏๅ ถๆๆใ็ญๅ ถ้จ่ฝ๏ผๅฏผ่ดๅคง้ไธ่ฏๅฐฑ่็ๅ็ฝๅบไบบ่ขซๆชๆใ
1863ๅนด๏ผ็พๅๅฏน็บณ็ฆ้้จ่ฝๆง่กโ็ฆๅๆฟ็ญโ๏ผไปฅ็งๅ ถๆฟๅฑใ็ๅ ถๅบ็จผใๆๅ ถๅฎถ็ใๆฏๅ ถ่ดขไบง็ธ่่ฟซ๏ผๆญฆ่ฃ ๆผ้็บณ็ฆ้ไบบๆญฅ่กๆฐ็พๅ ฌ้ๅฐๆฐๅขจ่ฅฟๅฅไธ้จไฟ็ๅฐ๏ผ่ทไธไธ้ไผ็ๅญๅฆ่ไบบ่ขซ็ดๆฅๆชๆใ
19ไธ็บชไธญๅถ๏ผๅ ไนๆๆ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้ฝ่ขซ้ฉฑ่ตถๅฐไบๅฏ่ฅฟ่ฅฟๆฏๆฒณไปฅ่ฅฟ๏ผๆฟๅบๆไปไปฌๅผบๅถๅฎๆๅจๅไฝๆฐไฟ็ๅฐๅ ็ๆดปใ
ใๅๆกฅ็พๅฝ็ปๆตๅฒใไธญๅ้๏ผโ็ฑไบ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅฏนไธ้จๅฐๅบๆๅ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ฟ่กไบๆญฆๅ้ฉฑ้๏ผๅ ๆญค๏ผ่ฏฅๅฐๅบๅชๅฉไธๆๅฐๆฐ็ไฝไธบๅไธชๅฝๅฎถๅ ฌๆฐ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผๆ่ ๅจๆญฆๅ้ฉฑ้ไธญ่บฒ่่ตทๆฅ็้ฃไบไธชๅซๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบใโ
ๅฏๆฒ็ๆฏ๏ผไธบไบ็พๅๅๅฒ๏ผ็พๅฝๅๅฒๅญฆๅฎถๅธธๅธธๅฐโ่ฅฟ่ฟ่ฟๅจโ็พๅไธบ็พๅฝไบบๆฐๅฏน่ฅฟ้จ็ๅ็็ปๆตๅผๅ๏ผๅฎฃ็งฐๅ ้ไบ็พๅฝ็ๆฟๆฒปๆฐไธปๅ่ฟ็จ๏ผไฟ่ฟไบ็พๅฝ็็ปๆตๅๅฑ๏ผไฟๆไบ็พๅฝๆฐๆ็ฒพ็ฅ็ๅฝขๆไธๅๅฑ๏ผๅดๅฏน้่ฎๅฑ ๆ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็่กไธบๅชๅญไธๆใ
ไบๅฎไธ๏ผๆญฃๆฏ่ฅฟ่ฟ่ฟๅจๅ๏ผๅคไบ่่ฝ็ถๆ็็พๆดฒๆๆ่ขซๆฏ็ญ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไฝไธบไบบ็ฑปๅ ๅคงไบบ็งไนไธ๏ผ้ขไธด่ขซๆดไฝ็ญ็ป็ๅขๅฐใ
4๏ผๅผบๅถๅๅๅๆๅ็ญ็ป
ไธบไบ็ป็พๅฝๆฟๅบ็ไธไน่กๅพ่พฉๆค๏ผไธไบ19ไธ็บช็็พๅฝๅญฆ่ ๅคง่็ ฝๅจโๆๆๅฏน้่ฎโ็ไบๅ ๅฏน็ซ่ฎบ๏ผๅฐ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๅก้ ๆไธ็ง้่ฎใ้ชๆถใไฝ็ญ็ๆ็พคใ19ไธ็บช็็พๅฝ็ฅๅๅๅฒๅญฆๅฎถๅธๅ ๆผๅฃฐ็งฐ๏ผ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐโๆ ๆณๅญฆไน ๆๆ็ๅ็งๆ่บ๏ผไปไปฌๅๅ ถๆฃฎๆ้ฝๅฟ ๅฐๅ ฑๅๆถๅคฑโใ
ๅๆถไปฃ็ๅฆไธไฝ็พๅฝ็ฅๅๅๅฒๅญฆๅฎถ็ญๅ ็ฝๅคซ็นไนๅฃฐ็งฐ๏ผ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐโๅจๆจ็ๅ้ๅพทๅ่ดจๆน้ขๆฏ็ฝไบบไฝๅฃ๏ผ่ไธ่ฟ็งไฝๅฃไธไป ไป ๆฏ้ๅฏนไธชไบบ่่จ็๏ผ่ๆฏไธๅ ถ็ป็ปๆๅ ณ๏ผๆฏๆดไธชๆ็พค็็นๅพโใ่ฟ็งไธบไบ็ปๆฎๆฐๆ ๅคบ่กๅพ่พฉๆค่่ๆ่ดฌไฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็่จ่ฎบ๏ผๅ ๆปก็งๆๆญง่ง็่ฒๅฝฉใ
ไป19ไธ็บช70ๅนดไปฃๅผๅงๅฐ19ไธ็บช80ๅนดไปฃ๏ผ็พๅฝๆฟๅบ้ๅๆดๅ ๆฟ่ฟ็โๅผบๅถๅๅโๆฟ็ญ๏ผๆถ็ญๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝ็็คพไผ็ป็ป็ปๆๅๆๅใๅผบๅถๅๅๆ็ฅ็ๆ ธๅฟ็ฎๆ ๏ผๅจไบ็ ด้คๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅๆ็็พคไฝไพๆใๆ็พค่บซไปฝๅ้จ่ฝ่ฎคๅ๏ผๅนถๅฐๅ ถๆน้ ไธบๅไธไธชไฝใๅ ทๆ็พๅฝๅ ฌๆฐ่บซไปฝใๅ ฌๆฐๆ่ฏๅนถ่ฎคๅ็พๅฝไธปๆตไปทๅผ่ง็็พๅฝๅ ฌๆฐใไธบๆญค้ๅไบๅๆน้ขๆชๆฝ๏ผ
ไธๆฏๅ จ้ขๅฅๅคบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝ็่ชๆฒปๆใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅคๅนดๆฅไปฅ้จ่ฝไธบๅไฝ็ๅญ๏ผ้จ่ฝๆฏๅ ถๅ้ๆบๆณๅ็ฒพ็ฅๅฏๆใ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅผบ่กๅบ้ค้จ่ฝๅถ๏ผๅฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไปฅไธชไฝๅฝขๅผๆๅ ฅไธๅ ถไผ ็ปๆช็ถไธๅ็็ฝไบบ็คพไผ๏ผไฝฟๅ ถๆ ๅๅฏปๆพๅทฅไฝๅๅฎ่บซ็ซๅฝ๏ผๅจ็ปๆตไธไธ่ดซๅฆๆด๏ผๅจๆฟๆฒปๅ็คพไผไธ้ฅฑๅๆญง่ง๏ผ้ญๅๅทจๅคง็ฒพ็ฅ็่ฆๅๆทฑๅป็็ๅญๅฑๆบใๆๅๅฑๆบใ19ไธ็บช็ๅ็ฝๅบ้จ่ฝๅๆฌๆฌฃๆฌฃๅ่ฃ๏ผๅจ็ฉ่ดจ็ๆดปไธไธ่พน็็ฝไบบไธ็ธไธไธ๏ผไฝ้็็พๅฝๆฟๅบ้ๆญฅๅๆถๅ ถ่ชๆฒปๆใๅบ้ค้จ่ฝๅถ๏ผๅ็ฝๅบ็คพไผ่ฟ ้่กฐ่ดฅ๏ผๆฒฆไธบๅ่ๅฑ ๆฐไธญๆ่ดซๅฐ็ไบบ็พคใ
ไบๆฏไปฅๅๅฐๅ้ ็ๅฝขๅผ๏ผ่ฏๅพๆงๆฏๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไฟ็ๅฐ๏ผ่ฟ่็ฆ่งฃๅ ถ้จ่ฝใ1887ๅนด้่ฟ็ใ้ๆฏๆณๆกใๆๆๆป็ป่งฃๆฃๅไฝๆฐไฟ็ๅฐ๏ผๅบ้คๅไฟ็ๅฐๅ ๅฎ่ก็้จ่ฝๅๅฐๆๆๅถ๏ผๅฐๅๅฐ็ดๆฅๅ้ ็ปๅฑ ไฝๅจไฟ็ๅฐๅ ๅค็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผๅฝขๆๅฎ้ ไธ็ๅๅฐ็งๆๅถๅบฆใ้จ่ฝๅๅฐๆๆๅถ็ๅบ้คไฝฟๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ็คพไผ่งฃไฝ๏ผ้จ่ฝๆๅจ้ญๅๆฒ้ๆๅปใโๅคช้ณ่โไฝไธบ้จ่ฝๅข็ป็ๆ้ซๅฝขๅผ๏ผๅ ่ขซ่งไธบโๅผ็ซฏ่กไธบโ่้ญๅฐๅ็ผใๅไฟ็ๅฐไธญๅคง้จๅๅๅฐ้่ฟๆๅ่ฝฌๅ ฅ็ฝไบบไนๆ๏ผๅฏนๅกๅๆฏซๆ ๅๅค็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅจๅๅพๅๅฐๅไธไน ไนๅ ๅ้ช็ญๅ็งๅๅ ๅคฑๅปๅๅฐ๏ผ็ๆดปๆฅ่ถๆถๅใ
ไธๆฏ้ๆญฅๅนถๆ็ปๅ จ้ขๅผบๅ ็ปๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็พๅฝโๅ ฌๆฐโ่บซไปฝใ่ขซ่ฎคๅฎไธบโๆทท่กโ็ๅไฝๆฐๅฟ ้กปๆพๅผ้จ่ฝๅฐไฝ๏ผๅ ถไปไบบไน่ขซโๅป้จ่ฝๅโ๏ผๆๅคงๅฐๆๅฎณไบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็่บซไปฝ่ฎคๅใ
ๅๆฏ้่ฟๆ่ฒใ่ฏญ่จใๆๅใๅฎๆ็ญๆชๆฝๅไธ็ณปๅ็คพไผๆฟ็ญ๏ผๆ น้คๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆ็พคๆ่ฏๅ้จ่ฝ่ฎคๅใไป1819ๅนดใๆๆๅผๅๅบ้ๆณๆกใๅผๅง๏ผ็พๅฝๅจๅ จๅฝ่ๅดๅ ่ฎพ็ซๆ่ตๅฉๅฏๅฎฟๅญฆๆ ก๏ผๅผบ่ฟซๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅๅ ฅๅญฆใๆ นๆฎ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฏๅฎฟๅญฆๆ กๆฒปๆ่็ๆฅๅๆพ็คบ๏ผๅๅฒไธๅ จ็พๅ ฑๆ367ๅฎถๅฏๅฎฟๅญฆๆ ก๏ผ่ณ1925ๅนด๏ผ60889ๅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅ่ขซ่ฟซๅฐฑๅญฆ๏ผ่ณ1926ๅนด๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅๅฐฑ่ฏปๆฏไพ้ซ่พพ83๏ผ ๏ผไฝๅฐฑ่ฏปๅญฆ็ๆปๆฐ่ณไปไปไธๆ็กฎใๆฌ็โๆนๅปๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๆๅ๏ผๆฏๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบโ็็ๅฟต๏ผ็พๅฝ็ฆๆญขๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅ่ฎฒๆฐๆ่ฏญ่จใ็ๆฐๆๆ่ฃ ใๅฎๆฝๆฐๆๆดปๅจ๏ผๆนๅปๅ ถ่ฏญ่จใๆๅๅ่บซไปฝ่ฎคๅ๏ผๅฎๆฝๆๅ็ญ็ปใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅๅจๆ ก้ฅฑๅๆ็ฃจ๏ผ้จๅๅ ้ฅฅ้ฅฟใ็พ็ ๅ่ๅพ ๆญปไบกใๆญคๅ๏ผๅๆจๅบโๅผบ่ฟซๅฏๅ ปโๆฟ็ญ๏ผๅผบ่กๅฐๅฟ็ซฅไบค็ป็ฝไบบๆๅ ป๏ผๅปถ็ปญๅๅๆฟ็ญ๏ผๅฅๅคบๆๅ่ฎคๅใๆญค็ฐ่ฑก็ด่ณ1978ๅนด็พๅฝ้่ฟใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅ็ฆๅฉๆณใๆ่ขซ็ฆๆญขใ็พๅฝไผๅจ้่ฟ่ฏฅๆณๆถๆฟ่ฎค๏ผโๅคง้ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅๅจๆช็ปๅ ่ฎธ็ๆ ๅตไธ่ขซ่ฝฌ็งป่ณ้ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฎถๅบญๅๆบๆ๏ผ้ ๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฎถๅบญ็็ ด็ขโใ
่ๅๅๅฒๅญฆๅฎถไบจๅฉยทๆฏ่ๅฐยทๅบท้ฉฌๆฐ็ญไบบๆ่ฏด๏ผ็ฑไบๅผบๅถๅๅ๏ผโ็พๅฝๅๅฒไธๆๅๅฃ็ไบๆ ไนไธโฆโฆๅๅฑๅฐ็ปๅณฐ้ ๆ็ๅฐๆญฅ๏ผ่ฟไน่ฎธๆฏๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆไธๅนธ็้ถๆฎตใโ
ไบใ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ณไปไป้ขไธดไธฅ้็ๅญๅๅฑๅฑๆบ
็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅๆงๆฟ่ ๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็็งๆ็ญ็ป๏ผๅฏผ่ดๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆ็พค็ไบบๅฃๆฐ้ๆญๅดๅผ้ๅ๏ผ็ๆดป็ฏๅขๆถๅ๏ผ็คพไผไฟ้็ผบๅคฑ๏ผ็ปๆตๅฐไฝไฝไธไธๅฎๅ จๅๅฐๅจ่๏ผๆฟๆฒปๅฝฑๅๅไธ่ฝๅไธใ
1๏ผไบบๅฃ้ๅ
ๅจ1492ๅนด็ฝไบบๆฎๆฐ่ ๅฐๆฅไนๅๆ500ไธๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผไฝๅฐ1800ๅนดๆฐ้้ๅไธบ60ไธไบบใๅฆๆฎ็พๅฝไบบๅฃๆฎๆฅๅฑๆฐๆฎๆพ็คบ๏ผ1900ๅนด็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๆฐ้ไธบๅฒไธๆไฝ๏ผไป ไธบ23.7ไธไบบใๅ ถไธญ๏ผ่ฃดๅฅ็นใ่ซ่ฅฟๅนฒใ้ฉฌ่จ่ฏธๅก็ญๅไฝไธช้จ่ฝๅฎๅ จ็ญ็ปใ
่ช1800ๅนด่ณ1900ๅนด้ด๏ผ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฐ้ๅๅฐ่ถ ่ฟไธๅไปฅไธ๏ผๅ ็พๅฝๆปไบบๅฃๆฐ้ๆฏไพไนไป10.15๏ผ ไธ้่ณ0.31๏ผ ใๆดไธชๅไนไธ็บช๏ผๅจ็พๅฝไบบๅฃๆฏ้10ๅนดๅฐฑๆ20๏ผ โ30๏ผ ็ๅข้ฟๆถ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฐ้ๅด็ปๅไบๆญๅดๅผๅๅฐใ็ฎๅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅ้ฟๆๆฏๅ ๅไฝๆฐ็ไบบๅฃๆฐ้ไป ๅ ็พๅฝๆปไบบๅฃ็1.3๏ผ ใ
2๏ผ็ๆดป็ฏๅขๆถๅ
ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไปไธ้จ่ขซ้ฉฑ่ตถๅฐ่ดซ็ ็่ฅฟ้จๅฑ ไฝ๏ผไธๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไฟ็ๅฐๅคงๅคไฝ็ฝฎ่ๅป๏ผไธ้ๅๅๅฑๅไธ๏ผๆดไธไผๆไบบๅปๆ่ตๅๅฑๅทฅไธ๏ผๅๅ ไธๅๅธ้ถๆฃใ้ข็งฏๅคงๅฐไธไธ๏ผๅคงๅค้จ่ฝๆ ๆณ่ทๅพ่ถณๅคๅคง็ๅๅฐ่ฟ่กๅผๅ๏ผไธฅ้้ๅถไบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๅๅฑใ็พๅฝ็ฎๅ็บฆๆ310ไธชๅไฝๆฐไฟ็ๅฐ๏ผ้ข็งฏ็บฆๅ ็พๅฝ้ขๅ้ข็งฏ2.3๏ผ ๏ผไธๆฏๆๆ่้ฆ่ฎคๅฎ็้จ่ฝ้ฝๆๅ ถไฟ็ๅฐใไฟ็ๅฐๅคไฝไบๅ่ฟไธ่ดซ็ ็ๅฐๆน๏ผ็ๅญๆกไปถๅทฎ๏ผ็ผบไนๆฐดๅๅ ถไป้่ฆ่ตๆบ๏ผๅ ฌ่ทฏ็ณป็ปๆ่ถ ่ฟ60๏ผ ไธบๅ่ทฏๆ็ข็ณ่ทฏใ่กจ้ข็๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไปโ่ขซ็ญ็ปโๅไธบโ่ขซ้ๅฟโโ่ขซ้ๅฝขโโ่ขซๆญง่งโ๏ผๅฎๅไธบ่ขซโๆพไปป็ญ็ปโใ
็พๅฝๆฟๅบ่ฟ้่ฟๆฌบ้ชใๅผบ่ฟซ็ญๆนๅผ๏ผๅฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไฟ็ๅฐ็ณป็ปๆง็จไฝๆๆฏๆๆ ธๅบๆๅพๅๅบ๏ผ้ฟๆๆด้ฒไบ้็ญๆพๅฐๆง็ฉ่ดจๅฑๅฎณไธ๏ผ่ดไฝฟ็ธๅ ณ็คพๅบ็็็ ๅ็ๅ็ ๆญป็ๆๆพ้ซไบๅ จ็พๅ ถไปๅฐๅบใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ็คพๅบๅฎ้ ไธๆไธบ็พๅฝๅๅฑ่ฟ็จไธญ็โๅๅพๆกถโใไปฅๅ จ็พๆๅคง็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้จ่ฝ็บณ็ฆ้ๆไฟ็ๅฐไธบไพ๏ผ่ฏฅ้จ่ฝ็บฆ1๏ผ4ๅฆๅฅณๅไธไบๅฉดๅฟ็ไฝๅ ๅซๆ้ซๆตๅบฆๆพๅฐๆง็ฉ่ดจใๆๆฅ้ๆๅ๏ผๅจ2009ๅนดๅ็40ๅคๅนด๏ผ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅจ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ่่ๅฐผ้จ่ฝๅบๅๆป่ฎก่ฟ่กไบ928ๆฌกๆ ธ่ฏ้ช๏ผไบง็ไบๅคง็บฆ62ไธๅจ็ๆพๅฐๆงๆฒ้็ฉ๏ผๆฏ1945ๅนดๆฅๆฌๅนฟๅฒๅๅญๅผน็็ธๅๆไบง็็ๆพๅฐๆงๆฒ้็ฉ็่ฟ48ๅใ
3๏ผ็คพไผไฟ้็ผบๅคฑ
ๆ นๆฎ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฅๅบทๆๅกๅฑๅๅธ็ๆฅๅ๏ผ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้ขๆๅฏฟๅฝๆฏ็พๅฝไบบๅนณๅๅฏฟๅฝไฝ5.5ๅฒ๏ผ็ณๅฐฟ็ ใๆ ขๆง่็ ๅ้ ็ฒพไพ่ต็็ๅ็ ็ๅๅซๆฏ็พๅฝๅนณๅ็3.2ๅใ4.6ๅๅ6.6ๅใ็ธๅ ณๅญฆๆฏ็ ็ฉถๆพ็คบ๏ผๅจ็พๅฝๅๆ่ฃ็พคไฝไธญ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็้ขๆๅฏฟๅฝๆ็ญใๅฉดๅฟๆญปไบก็ๆ้ซ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ้ๅฐๅนด่ฏ็ฉๆปฅ็จ็ๅ็็้ซๅบๅ จๅฝๅนณๅๆฐดๅนณ13.3ๅ๏ผ้ ้ ๅ็็้ซๅบ1.4ๅ๏ผ่ชๆ็ไธบๅ จๅฝๅนณๅๆฐดๅนณ็1.9ๅใ่ฟไบ็ฐ่ฑกไธๆฟๅบๅ ฌๅ ฑๅป็่ตๆบๆๅ ฅไธ่ถณใๆฝๅจ็ๅฅๅบทไธๅนณ็ญใๅฐๆฐๆ่ฃ็คพๅบๆปไฝๅๅฑ่ฝๅ็ญๅ ็ด ๆฏๆฏ็ธๅ ณใ
็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆไพๆ้็ๆ่ฒๅๅป็ๆดๅฉ๏ผๅ ถไธญ99๏ผ ็ปไบไฟ็ๅฐๅฑ ๆฐ๏ผไฝ70๏ผ ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆดปๅจๅๅธไนไธญ๏ผๆ ๆณๅพๅฐ็ธๅบไฟ้ใ้คไบๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅป็ๆๅกๆบๆ๏ผ่ฎธๅคๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆ ๆณ่ทๅพๅป็ไฟ้ฉ๏ผ่ๅจ้ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅป็ๆๅกๆบๆๅ้้จ่ฝๅป็ๆบๆไธญ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ปๅธธ้ขไธดๆญง่งๅ่ฏญ่จ้็ขใ
ๆฐๅ ็ซๆ ๆ้ด๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅจๅป็ๆน้ข็ๅผฑๅฟๅฐไฝ่ฟไธๆญฅๅธๆพใ็พๅฝ็พๆงไธญๅฟ็ป่ฎกๆฐๆฎๆพ็คบ๏ผๆช่ณ2020ๅนด8ๆ18ๆฅ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆฐๅ ่บ็ๆฃ็ ็ๆฏ็ฝไบบ็2.8ๅ๏ผ็ ไบก็ๆฏ1.4ๅใ่ๅๅฝไฝๆฟๆ้ฎ้ข็นๅซๆฅๅๅๆ นๆฎไบบๆ็ไบไผ43๏ผ14ๅทๅณ่ฎฎ็ผๅ็ๆฅๅๆๅบ๏ผ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๅ้่ฃ็พๅฝไบบๅๆฐๅ ็ซๆ ๅฝฑๅไธฅ้๏ผๅ ถไฝ้ข็ๆฏ้ๆ็พ่ฃ็ฝไบบ็5ๅใ็พๅฝๆๅคงๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไฟ็ๅฐ็บณ็ฆ้ๆๅฑ ไฝๅบ็ๆฐๅ ็ ๆฏๆๆ็ไธๅบฆ่ถ ่ฟ็บฝ็บฆ๏ผๆไธบๅ จ็พ็ฌฌไธใ
ๅจๆ่ฒๆน้ข๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไฟ็ๅฐ็ๆ่ฒๆกไปถๅคงๅคง่ฝๅไบ็พๅฝ็ฝไบบๅฑ ไฝๅบใๆ นๆฎ2013โ2017ๅนด็พๅฝไบบๅฃๆฎๆฅๅฑ็ๆฐๆฎ๏ผไป ๆ14.3๏ผ ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฅๆๅญฆๅฃซๅญฆไฝๆๆด้ซๅญฆๅใ็ธๆฏไนไธ๏ผ15.2๏ผ ็ๆ็พ่ฃ็พๅฝไบบใ20.6๏ผ ็้ๆดฒ่ฃ็พๅฝไบบๅ34.5๏ผ ็็ฝไบบๆฅๆๅญฆๅฃซๅญฆไฝๆๆด้ซๅญฆๅใๅพๅคๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไฟ็ๅฐ็ๅญฆๆ กๅทฒ็ป็ ด่ดฅไธๅ ช๏ผๆ่ฒไฝ็ณปๅๅดฉ็ฆปๆใ
ใ็บฝ็บฆๆถๆฅใๆฅ้๏ผๅจๆธฉๅพทๆฒณ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐไฟ็ๅฐๅญฆๆ ก๏ผๅชๆ60๏ผ ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅญฆ็ๅฎๆไบ้ซไธญๅญฆไธ๏ผ่ๆไฟๆๅท็ฝไบบๅญฆ็ๅฎๆ้ซไธญๅญฆไธ็ๆฏไพไธบ80๏ผ ๏ผไฟ็ๅฐ็่พๅญฆ็ไธบ40๏ผ ๏ผๆฏๆไฟๆๅทๅนณๅ่พๅญฆ็็ไธคๅๅค๏ผ้ๅฐๅนด่ชๆ็ๅฏ่ฝๆงๆฏ็พๅฝๅ้พไบบ็ไธคๅใ
4๏ผ็ปๆตๅๅฎๅ จๆฐดๅนณไฝไธ
่ฎธๅคๅคไบไธญ่ฅฟ้จ่ดซ็ ๅฐๅบ็ไฟ็ๅฐ็ปๆตๅๅฑๅๆป๏ผๆฒฆไธบๆ่ดซๅฐๅฐๅบ๏ผ้จๅไฟ็ๅฐ่ดซๅฐ็็่ณ่ถ ่ฟ85๏ผ ใ็พๅฝไบบๅฃๆฎๆฅๅฑ2018ๅนดๆฐๆฎๆพ็คบ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็่ดซๅฐ็ๆฏๆๆๅฐๆฐๆ่ฃไธญๆ้ซ็๏ผไธบ25.4๏ผ ๏ผ้ๆดฒ่ฃไธบ20.8๏ผ ๏ผๆ็พ่ฃไธบ17.6๏ผ ๏ผ่็ฝไบบไธบ8.1๏ผ ใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฎถๅบญๆถๅ ฅ็ไธญไฝๆฐไป ็ธๅฝไบ็ฝไบบๅฎถๅบญ็60๏ผ ใ
ใๅคง่ฅฟๆดๆๅใๆพๆข่ฎฟไฝไบ็พๅฝๅ่พพ็งไปๅท็ๆดพๆฉ้ๅฅๅไฝๆฐไฟ็ๅฐ๏ผๅ็ฐ่ฟ้็ๅคฑไธ็้ซ่พพ80๏ผ ๏ผๅคงๅคๆฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆดปๅจ่้ฆ่ดซๅฐ็บฟไนไธ๏ผ่ฎธๅคๅฎถๅบญๆ นๆฌไธ้่ชๆฅๆฐดๅ็ตใ็ฑไบ่้ฆๆฟๅบๆไพ็่กฅ่ดด้ฃๅๆฎ้้ซ็ณใ้ซ็ญ้๏ผ่ฟ้็็ณๅฐฟ็ ๅ็ ็ๆฏๅ จ็พๅนณๅๆฐดๅนณ้ซ8ๅ๏ผๅนณๅ้ขๆๅฏฟๅฝไป ็บฆ50ๅฒใ
็ปๆตๆฐดๅนณ็ไฝไธๅฏผ่ดไธฅ้็คพไผๆฒปๅฎ้ฎ้ขใๅจๆดพๆฉ้ๅฅๅไฝๆฐไฟ็ๅฐ๏ผๆ ไบๅฏๅนฒ็ๅนด่ฝปไบบๅพๅพๅจๅธฎๆดพๆๅไธญๅฏปๆฑ่บซไปฝๅๅฝๅฑๆ๏ผ้ ้ ใๆๆถใๅธๆฏๅจ่ฟ้ๅฑก่งไธ้ฒใ็พๅฝๅฎถๅธๆณ็ ็ฉถๆ็ ็ฉถๆพ็คบ๏ผๅ จ็พ่ถ ่ฟ150ไธๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅ้ฟๆๆฏๅ ๅไฝๆฐๅฅณๆงๆพ้ญๅๆดๅ๏ผๅ ่ฟไธ็พคไฝๆปไบบๅฃๆฐ็84.3๏ผ ใๆญคๅค๏ผ่ฎธๅคไธๆณๅๅญๅฉ็จไฟ็ๅฐๆณๅพๆผๆดไปไบ็ฏ็ฝช่กไธบ๏ผๅฏผ่ดๅฝๅฐๆฒปๅฎๆฏๅตๆไธใ
5๏ผๆฟๆฒปๅฐไฝไฝไธ
็พๅฝไธปๆตๆฟๆฒป็ๆไธญ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ญๅ่ๆฐๆไธๅ ถ่ฏดๆฏ้ไฝโๅคฑๅฃฐโ๏ผไธๅฆ่ฏดๆฏ่ขซ็ณป็ปโๅคๅฃฐโๅโ็ณป็ปๆงๆน้คโใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฐ้่พๅฐไธๅๆฟๆๆฟไธๅผบ๏ผๆ็ฅจ็่พๅ ถไปๆ็พคๆดไฝ๏ผๅฉ็่ฏๆฑๅพๅพ่ขซๆฟๅฎขๅฟฝ็ฅ๏ผๅฏผ่ดๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅจ็พๅฝๆฒฆไธบไบ็ญๅ ฌๆฐ๏ผ่ขซ็งฐไฝโ็ไธ่ง็็พคไฝโๆโๆญฃๅจๆถๅคฑ็็งๆโ๏ผ็ด่ณ1924ๅนดๆ่ขซๆๆกไปถๅฐ่ตไบๅ ฌๆฐๅฐไฝ๏ผ1965ๅนดๆ่ขซ่ตไบ้ไธพๆใ
2020ๅนด6ๆ๏ผ็พๅฝๅ่ๅฑ ๆฐๆๅฉๅบ้ไผ็ญ็ตๅคด๏ผ็พๅฝๅ จๅฝๅๅฐๆน็่ๆ น็ป็ปใๆณๅพ็ๅๅญฆ็ๅไธ๏ผๅฏน็พๅฝๅ่้ๆฐ้ขไธด็ๆฟๆฒปๅไธ้็ขๅฑๅผ่ฐ็ ใ็ปๆๆพ็คบ๏ผ470ไธๆ้ไธพ่ตๆ ผ็็พๅฝๅ่้ๆฐไธญ๏ผไป 66๏ผ ่ฟ่กไบๆณจๅ็ป่ฎฐใ่่ถ ่ฟ150ไธๆ้ไธพ่ตๆ ผ็ๅ่้ๆฐๅ ๆฟๆฒป้็ขๆ ๆณๆญฃๅธธ่กไฝฟ้ไธพๆๅฉใ่ฐ็ ็งฐ๏ผ็พๅฝๅ่้ๆฐๅไธๆฟๆฒป้ขไธด11้กนๆฎ้้็ข๏ผๅ ๆฌๆ้็ๆฟๅกๆๅกใ้ไธพ่ต้็ๅฎไนๅๆญง่ง็ญใ็ฎๅ็พๅฝๅฝไผไธญไป ๆ4ๅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ่ฃ่ฎฎๅ๏ผ็บฆๅ ไธค้ข่ฎฎๅๆปๆฐ็0.74๏ผ ใ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็ๆดไฝไปๆฟ็ถๅตๅๆฟๆฒปๅฝฑๅ่ฟไฝไบๅ ถๅจ็พๅฝไบบๅฃไธญ็ๆฏไพใ
็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็พคไฝ้ฟๆๅๅฐๅฟฝ่งๅๆญง่งใ็พๅฝๆฟๅบ็่ฎธๅค็ป่ฎกๆฐๆฎๅฎๅ จๅฟฝ็ฅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผๆ่็ๅฐๅฐๅ ถๅฝไธบโๅ ถไปโใ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไบๅกๅไผๆง่ก่ฃไบๅ ผๅพๅธ้ฆๅยทๅฏๅ่กจ็คบ๏ผๅไฝๆฐๆๅคง็ๆๅพ ๆฏ่ทๅพ็คพไผ่ฎคๅใโๆไปฌๆ็ๅคๆ ทๆๅๅ่ฏญ่จ๏ผไฝๅด็ปๅธธไธ่ขซๅฝไฝไธไธชๆ่ฃๆฅ็ๅพ ๏ผ่ๅชๆฏ่ขซ็ไฝไธไธชๆฟๆฒป้ถๅฑ๏ผๅบไบๆไปฌๅ่้ฆ็ๆก็บฆๆฅๅๅพๆ้็่ชๆฒปๆใโๅธ้ฒ้ๆฏๅญฆไผ่ฟๆๅๆ็งฐ๏ผ็พๅฝๆๅบฆๅฐฑไธๆฅๅๅฟฝ็ฅๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผๆ ไบบๅ ณๆณจใ่ฎจ่ฎบ่ฟไธ็พคไฝ็็ปๆตๆ ๅตใๅ ๅทๆ่ฟ200ไธชๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้จ่ฝ๏ผไป ไธๅๅพๅฐ่้ฆๆฟๅบ่ฎคๅฏใ่ฝ็ถๆ็ปๆฟๅบไปปๅฝไบ้ฆไฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅ ้้จ้ฟ๏ผไฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆดไฝไปๆฟ็ถๅตๅๆฟๆฒปๅฝฑๅๅ่ฟไฝไบๅ ถๅจ็พๅฝไบบๅฃไธญๆๅ ็ๆฏไพใ
็พๅฝๅไฝๅคงๅญฆ้ๆพ็ๅ ฌๅ ฑๅซ็ๅญฆ้ขๆฐ่ฐ็ปๆๆพ็คบ๏ผ่ถ ่ฟไธๅไนไธ็็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๆพๅจๅทฅไฝๅบๆ้ญ้ๆผ ่งใๆดๅใ็พ่พฑๅๆญง่ง๏ผ่ๅฑ ไฝๅจๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ่ๅฑ ๅบ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅจไธ่ญฆๅฏๆไบค้ใๅทฅไฝๅๆ็ฅจๆถๆดๅฏ่ฝ่ขซๆญง่งใๆฎ็พๅฝๅ ๆฟ้จ็ป่ฎก๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ่ฃๅ ่ฝปๅพฎ็ฏ็ฝช่ๅ ฅ็ฑ็ๆฆ็ๆฏๅ ถไปๆ่ฃ็ไธคๅใๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ็ทๆง็็ฆ็ๆฏ็ฝไบบ็ทๆง็4ๅ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฅณๆง็็ฆ็ๅ้ซ่พพ็ฝไบบๅฅณๆง็6ๅใ
ใๅคง่ฅฟๆดๆๅใ่ฏ่ฎบ่ฏด๏ผไปๅๅฒไธ้ญ้ฉฑ้ใๅฑ ๆฎๅๅผบๅถๅๅ๏ผๅฐๅฆไปๆดไฝๆง็่ดซๅฐๅ่ขซๅฟฝ่ง๏ผๅๆฌๆฏ่ฟ็ๅคง้ไธปไบบ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅดๅจ็พๅฝ็คพไผๅฃฐ้ณๅพฎๅผฑใ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบไฝๅฎถไธฝ่ดๅกยท็บณๆ ผๅฐไธ้่ง่กๅฐๆๅบ๏ผ่ขซ้ๅฝข๏ผๆฏๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ญๅ่ๅฑ ๆฐ็ๆฐๅ็งๆๆญง่งใใๆดๆ็ถๆถๆฅใ่ฏ่ฎบ็งฐ๏ผๅไฝๆฐ้ญๅ็ไธๅ ฌๆญฃๅพ ้ๆทฑๅตๅจ็พๅฝ็คพไผ็ป็ปๆถๆๅๆณๅพไฝ็ณปไธญใ
6๏ผๆๅๆฟๅฑ
19ไธ็บช70ๅนดไปฃ่ณ20ไธ็บช20ๅนดไปฃๆซ๏ผ็พๅฝๆฟๅบไธบๆจ่ก่ฑ่ฏญๅๅบ็ฃๆๆ่ฒ๏ผๅจๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฑ ไฝๅบๅผบๅๆจ่กๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฏๅฎฟๅญฆๆ กๅถๅบฆ๏ผๅพๅคๅฐๆน็่ณๅบ็ฐ็ปๆถๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅญฉ็ซฅๅนถๅผบๅถๅ ฅๅญฆ็ไบไปถใ็พๅฝๅๅฒไธๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅฎ่กๅฏๅฎฟๅญฆๆ กๅถๅบฆ๏ผๅฐคๅ ถๅฏน้ๅนดๅๅฟ็ซฅ้ ๆๆ ๆณๆฝๅ็ไธฅ้ๅไผคใ่ฎธๅคๅนด่ฝปไธไปฃ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๆขๆ ๆณๅจไธปๆต็คพไผ็ซ่ถณ๏ผๅ้พไปฅไฟๆๅๅผๆฌไผ ็ปๆๅ๏ผๅฏน่ช่บซๆๅๅ่บซไปฝๆๅฐ่ฟทๆ็่ฆใ
่ฟไบๅฏๅฎฟๅญฆๆ กๅพๅพๅชๆๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅ่ฑกๅพๅๆฐ็้ฟ่พซ๏ผ็งๆฏไปไปฌ็ไผ ็ปๆ้ฅฐ๏ผไธฅ็ฆไปไปฌ่ฏดๆฏ่ฏญ๏ผๅฆๅไพฟ่ฆๅฏนๅ ถๆฏๆใๅจ่ฟไบๅญฆๆ ก้๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅ่ขซ่ฟซๆฅๅๅไบๅ็ฎก็๏ผไธไป ไผๅๅฐๆๅไฝ็ฝ๏ผๆไบๅฟ็ซฅ่ฟ้ญๅๆง่ๅพ ใไธๅฐๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฟ็ซฅๅ ๆ่ฒๆนๅผ็่ๅปใ็ๆดปไน ๆฏ็ๅทฎๅผใๅฏนไบฒไบบ็ๆๅฟตๅ่ฅๅ ปไธ่ฏ่็็ ็่ณๆญปไบกใ
็พๅฝๆฟๅบ่ฟๆพๅถๅฎๆณๅพ็ฆๆญขๅไฝๆฐไธพ่กไปฃไปฃ็ธไผ ็ๅฎๆไปชๅผ๏ผๅไธๆญค็ฑปๆดปๅจ็ไบบไผ้ญๅๆๆๅ็็ฆใ20ไธ็บชไปฅๆฅ๏ผ้็็พๅฝๆฐๆ่ฟๅจๆตชๆฝฎ้ฃ่ตทไบๆถ๏ผ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐไผ ็ปๆๅๅๅๅฒ็ไฟๆค็ถๅตๆไธๅฎๅฅฝ่ฝฌ๏ผไฝไธๅทฒ้ญๅ่ฟไบไธฅ้็็ ดๅ๏ผๆฎๅญไธๆฅ็ๅคงๅคๆฏๅไบบๅๅฉ่ฑ่ฏญไฟๅญไธๆฅ็ๆๅ้่ฟนใ
็บณๆ ผๅฐ่ฎคไธบ๏ผๆๅ ณ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็ไฟกๆฏๅจ็พๅฝไธปๆตๅชไฝๅๆต่กๆๅไธญ่ขซ็ณป็ปๆงๅฐๆธ ้คใๆฎ็พๅฝๅ่ๆ่ฒ็ป็ปๆฅๅ๏ผ87๏ผ ็ๅท็บงๅๅฒๆๆไธๆถๅ1900ๅนดไปฅๅ็ๅ่ๅๅฒใๅฒๅฏๆฃฎๅญฆไผ็ญๆฐๆ็งฐ๏ผ็พๅฝๅญฆๆ ก้่ฎฒๆ็ๆๅ ณๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๅ ๅฎนๅ ๆฅไธๅ็กฎ็ไฟกๆฏ๏ผๆชๅฆๅฎๆ่ฟฐๅไฝๆฐ็้ญ้ใๆฅ่ชๅฎพๅท็ๅๅ ฑๅๅ ๅ่ฎฎๅๆกๆๅๅงๅจ็พๅฝ้ๅนดๅบ้ไผไธ็ซๅ ฌๅผ็งฐโ็พๅฝๆฏไธไธชไป้ถ่ฏ็็ๅฝๅฎถ๏ผไนๅ่ฟ้ๅ ไนไปไน้ฝๆฒกๆโฆโฆ่ฏดๅฎ่ฏ๏ผ็พๅฝๆๅไธญๅ ไนไธๅ ๅซ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๆๅใโๆ ่งๅๆนๆไบๅไฝๆฐๆๅๅจ็พๅฝๆๅไธญ็ๅฐไฝใ
ไธใ็พๅฝๅ ๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้ญๅโ็งๆ็ญ็ปโ็ๆน่ฏไนๅฃฐ็ปตๅปถไธ็ป๏ผไฝ้ญๆฟๅบๆ ่ง
ไธๆฏๅญฆ็ๆๅ ฑ่ฏใ่ชไธไธ็บช70ๅนดไปฃ่ตท๏ผ็พๅฝๅญฆ็ๅผๅงไฝฟ็จโ็งๆ็ญ็ปโๆง่ฏ็พๅฝๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฟ็ญใ90ๅนดไปฃ๏ผๅคๅจๅคทๅคงๅญฆๆๆๆด็ปดยทๆฏๅฆ็บณๅพทๆ่ใ็พๆดฒๅคงๅฑ ๆ๏ผๅพๆๆฐไธ็ใๅ็ง็ฝๆๅคๅคงๅญฆๅๆๆๆฒๅพทยทไธๅๅฐๆ่ใ็งๆ็ญ็ป้ฃไปถๅฐไบใ้ๅจๅญฆ็ใๅฆๆ่ถ้ฒๅคงๅญฆๆๆๆฌยทๅบๅฐๅ่ไฝใ้ฒ่กไธๅๅฐ๏ผไธ็็งๆ็ญ็ปๅๆถไบกๅฒใๆผ่ฆไป็ป็พๅฝๅจไธๅๅๅฒ้ถๆฎตๅๅจ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎ็งๆ็ญ็ปไบไปถ๏ผๅ ๅฉ็ฆๅฐผไบๅคงๅญฆๆดๆ็ถๅๆ กๅฏๆๆๆฌๆฐๆยท้บฆๅพทๅฉ่ไฝใ็พๆดฒ็งๆ็ญ็ป๏ผ็พๅฝๅๅ ๅท็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็ๆฒๆญ๏ผ1846โ1873ใๆทฑๅบฆๆๆๅ ๅทๆท้ๆฝฎๆถๆๆฟๅบๅๅจ็็ญ็ป็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ็ๆกฉๆกฉๆจๆก็ญใ
็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๅๅฒๅญฆๅฎถ็ฝๅ ็ยท้ๅทดโๅฅฅๅฐ่ๆฏ่ฎบ่ฏ่ฎคไธบ๏ผใ้ฒๆญขๅๆฉๆฒป็ญ็ป็งๆ็ฝชๅ ฌ็บฆใๅ ณไบ็งๆ็ญ็ปๆๅไธพ5้กน็ฝช็ถไธญ็ๆฏไธๆก้ฝ่ฝๅจ็พๅฝ้ๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็็ฝช่กไธญๆพๅฐๅฏนๅบ๏ผ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐๆ ็ๆฏ็งๆ็ญ็ปๅๅฎณ่ ๏ผๆฟ่ฎค็พๅฝๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๆฟ็ญ็ณป็งๆ็ญ็ปๅ ทๆ้่ฆๆไนใ
ไบๆฏๅชไฝๆๅผๅใใ็บฝ็บฆๆถๆฅใๅๆๆฅ้ๅ ๅฉ็ฆๅฐผไบๅคงๅญฆ้ปๆฏๅปทๆฏๆณๅญฆ้ขไปฅ็งๆ็ญ็ป่ ๅฝๅ๏ผๅ ้ๆจๅจๅญฆ้ขๆดๅ่ฟ็จใ็พๅฝๅนฟๆญๅ ฌๅธๆฅ้๏ผ็พๅฝๅไฝๆฐ่ฏๆฑๅคงๅฐไบๅไธปๆ๏ผๅฐๅฐไบๅ่ฏๆฑ่ขซๅฌๅฐใๆๅ่ฎฟ่ ่กจ็คบ๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅๅฐ่ขซ็ชๅใ่ฏญ่จ่ขซๆนๆๅฐฑๆฏ็ณป็ปๆง็งๆ็ญ็ปใใๅ็้กฟ้ฎๆฅใๅๆ่ฐด่ดฃ็พๅฝไปๆชๆญฃๅผๆฟ่ฎคๅฏนๅไฝๆฐๅฎๆฝ็็งๆ็ญ็ปๆฟ็ญใใๅคไบคๆฟ็ญใๅๆ่ฆๆฑ็พๅฝๅฟ ้กปๆฟ่ฎคๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็็งๆ็ญ็ปใ2021ๅนด11ๆ๏ผ้ขไธบใ่ต้ใ็็บชๅฝ็ไธๆ ๏ผ้่ฏทๅไฝๆฐ้ ่ฏป็พๅฝ้ซ้ขๆฌ่ตๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบๅคด็ฎ็ๅฎๆนๅๅฒๆไปถ๏ผๅผไบบๅๆ็พๅฝๆฎๆด็็งๆ็ญ็ปๆฟ็ญใ
้็ไบๆๅๅนณๆ่ฟๅจ็ๅผๅฑ๏ผ็พๅฝ็คพไผๅผๅงๅ็ๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ้ฎ้ขใๆฟๅบๆพๅบๅฐๅณ่ฎฎๆกๅๅไฝๆฐ้ๆญใๅ ๅฉ็ฆๅฐผไบๅทๅท้ฟ็บฝๆฃฎๅจ2019ๅนดๅ่กจๅฃฐๆๅๅ ๅทๅไฝๆฐ้ๆญ๏ผๆฟ่ฎคๅ ๅท19ไธ็บชไธญๅถๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๆ็พค้ๅ็่กไธบๅฑไบ็งๆ็ญ็ปใ
็ถ่๏ผๆฟๅบ็ๅๆๆดๅๆฏโๆฟๆฒปไฝ็งโ๏ผไปๆชๆญฃๅผๆฟ่ฎค็พๅฝๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ฏไธ็ๆด่กๆฏ็งๆ็ญ็ป่กไธบ๏ผ็ๆญฃ็ๆนๅ้ฅ้ฅๆ ๆใ
็ปผไธๆ่ฟฐ๏ผ็พๅฝๅๅฑๆฟๅบไธไป ไป่ไฝไธๅคง้ๆถ็ญๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ๏ผๆด้่ฟ็ณป็ปๆงๅถๅบฆ่ฎพ่ฎกใ้ธๅๅผๆๅๅๅถ๏ผไปคๅไฝๆฐ็็ๅญ้ทๅ ฅไธๅฏ้่ฝฌ็ๅฐๅข๏ผๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๆๅๅๅฐๆ นๆฌๆง็ ดๅ๏ผ็ๅฝๅ็ฒพ็ฅ็ไปฃ้ ๅญ็ปญๅๅฐไธฅ้ๅจ่ใ็พๅฝๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎไบบ็ๅฑ ๆใๅผบๅถ่ฟ็งปใๆๅๅๅไธไธๅ ฌๆญฃๅพ ้ๅทฒๆๆไบๅฎไธ็็งๆ็ญ็ป๏ผๅฎๅ จ็ฌฆๅ่ๅๅฝใ้ฒๆญขๅๆฉๆฒป็ญ็ป็งๆ็ฝชๅ ฌ็บฆใๅ ณไบ็งๆ็ญ็ป็ๅฎไน๏ผ่ไธๅ็ปๆฐ็พๅนด่ณไปไปๅจๅปถ็ปญใ็พๅฝๆฟๅบๅบ่ฏฅๆพๅผๅ ถๅจไบบๆ้ฎ้ขไธ็่ไผชๅๅ้ๆ ๅ๏ผ่ฎค็ไธฅ่ๅฏนๅพ ๆฌๅฝๅฝๅ ๅญๅจ็ไธฅ้็งๆ้ฎ้ขๅ็ฝช่กใ
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1.1 2.1
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ๆฒกๅซ็ๆๆๅฐฑๆณๆฅไฝ ๅจ
Ask a question or share feedback about the React 18 release here. 1ใThe Ukrainian incident is essentially a game between big powers. If you clearly stand by, it shows that your organization is biased 2ใThe people are innocent. I hope one side can end quickly. No matter which side, I don't want too many forces to join or you have sexual advantage
1999ๅนด5ๆ7ๆฅ๏ผ็พๅฝ่ฝฐ็ธไธญๅฝๅ่็ๅคงไฝฟ้ฆ๏ผๆ็ งๅฝ้ ๆณ๏ผๅคงไฝฟ้ฆๆฏไธญๅฝ้ขๅ็ไธ้จๅ๏ผ็ๅ่ฝฐ็ธไธญๅฝ้ขๅ๏ผไธบไบๅๅนณๆไปฌๅฟไบใ 2001ๅนด4ๆ1ๆฅ๏ผ็พๅฝ้ฃๆบๆ็ถๅ ฅไพตไธญๅฝ้ข็ฉบ๏ผๅปๆฏไธญๅฝๅฐๆ ก้ฃ่กๅ็ไผ็้ฃๆบ๏ผๅฏผ่ดไปไธบๅฝๆ่บฏ๏ผไธบไบๅๅนณๆไปฌๅฟไบใ 2016ๅนดๆ็ถไปฒ่ฃๅทฒ็ปๅๅๅฅฝ้ขๅ็ไธญๅฝ้ขๆตทไธบไปๅฝ้ขๅ๏ผๅฆๆๆไปฌๅจไปปๆๆถๅปๅ่ตทๆไบ๏ผๆไปฌไนๆฏ่ฟ้ๆน๏ผ
ๆไบ็ๅๅฎณ่ ๆฏไนๅ ๅ ฐๆฒก้๏ผไฝๆฏ่ฟๅบๆไบ็ๅ่ตทไบบไธๆฏไฟ็ฝๆฏ๏ผๆฏ็พๅฝ๏ผ่ฐข่ฐขใ
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Fuck react๏ผFuck๏ผ
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ๅไฝ้ฟ็พๅฉๅ ็ๅคงไฝฌไปฌ๏ผ็ๅพไฝๆใ๏ผไฝ ไปฌ็งๆ่ฟไนๅ่พพ๏ผ็ฟป่ฏไธญๆๆฒก้ฎ้ขๅง๏ผ๏ผ
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ๆๅ็พๅธๅฝไธปไน, ๅ ฑไบงไธปไนไธๅฒ
Bug: ๆ นๆฎๅฝๅ ๆๅ็็ฝ็ป่กไธบ็ๆง่ฎพๅคๅๅๆขๆตๅ ็ฝๆต้ๅ็ฐ๏ผไฝ ไปฌ่ฎฟ้ฎไฝฟ็จgithubๅ่กจๆ ๅ ณๅทฅไฝ่จ่ฎบ๏ผไธฅ้ๆตช่ดนไธ็ญๆถ้ดๆถๅซๆธ้ฑผ
ๆถๅ็ๆไฝ ็ไปฃ็ ๅง๏ผไธ่ฆๅ่ฃ ่ชๅทฑๆฏๆฟๆฒปๅฎถใ
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็คพไผไธปไนๆ ธๅฟไปทๅผ่ง๏ผๅฏๅผบใๆฐไธปใๆๆใๅ่ฐ๏ผ่ช็ฑใๅนณ็ญใๅ ฌๆญฃใๆณๆฒป๏ผ็ฑๅฝใๆฌไธใ่ฏไฟกใๅๅ.
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React version: ๅไบฌๆฑๅ็ซฏๅทฅไฝ
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Bug: Double standard ha? You speak nothing when the United States invade other countries
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ๅฝ็ถๆฌ่ไธ่ฟๆฏๆฅๆฌๅคฉ็
ๅพๆฅไธ็ๅพ่บซ๏ผ 1.bugๅๅฎไบๅ 2.bugๆนๅฎไบๅ 3.bugๆต่ฏไบๅ
ๅๅพ็พๅฝๅปๆญปไธๆญปๅ
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1.I believe that victory belongs to the Russian people 2.I believe that victory belongs to the Russian people
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I believe that victory belongs to the Russian people
I believe that victory belongs to the Russian people
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ไธๅค่ฏด
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ๅๅๅๅๅๅ็พๅฝ็
React version:React ะฐะผะตัะธะบะฐะฝัะบะธั ัะพะฑะฐะบ ะฐะผะตัะธะบะฐะฝัะบะธั ัะพะฑะฐะบ ะฐะผะตัะธะบะฐะฝัะบะธั ัะพะฑะฐะบ ะฐะผะตัะธะบะฐะฝัะบะธั ัะพะฑะฐะบ
1.ะฐะผะตัะธะบะฐะฝัะบะธั ัะพะฑะฐะบ 2.ะฐะผะตัะธะบะฐะฝัะบะธั ัะพะฑะฐะบ
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ไบบ่ก้ฆๅคดๅฅฝๅไน๏ผไนๅ ๅ ฐไนๆฏๅป๏ผ้่ฆๅฝ็ฎ็ฐ๏ผ้ฝๅปไน๏ผ
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BUG: React support USA FIX: I believe that victory belongs to the Russian people
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Fuck America! Fuck NATO! Come on Russia!!! American bitch suck my big dick!!!!
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I apologize for the stupidity and the Nazis of these people, China is known to have a Great Firewall and they are always watching the controlled news and propaganda that makes them so crazy.
As a developer from China, I Support Ukraine!
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ๆไปไน่ฆๅถ่ฃๆๅฎถ็็พ็ญ~๏ผไธไธชๆไธ่ฝๅ็ฝๅคดใ
lead the charge
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ๅๆไธ่ตทๅฑๅ็ง่๏ผไนๆ๏ผ็นไน็ๅ จ้จๆไบ้ฝๆฏ็พ็ๆ่ตท็ใ ไนๆ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ ไนๆ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ ไนๆ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ ไนๆ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
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้กน็ฎไธ็จreactไบ ๆๆขไบcao
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ๅ ถๅฎVUE3็ๅฟๆบๅฅฝ็จ็
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ๅๆไธ่ตทๅฑๅ็ง่๏ผไนๆ๏ผ็นไน็ๅ จ้จ็ซ็้ฝๆฏ็พ็ๆ่ตท็ใ
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็พๅฝไฝฌๆๅซไบบ็ๆถๅไฝ ๆไนไธๅบๆฅ็ซ้๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ็ๅพทๅๅพๆกๆถ
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ๅ ถๅฎVUE3ๆบๅฅฝ็จ็
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ๅนฒๅฅๅฆ๏ผ่ฟไน็ญ้น
ๅๆญฅๆ็ๆฏ่ฟไธชๅป้ผ๏ผ githubๅฐๅ๏ผhttps://github.com/NeroBlackstone ๅทฒ็ปไธพๆฅไบ
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็บชๅฟตๅฅไผฆๅธไพต็ฅ็พๆดฒๅคง้530ๅนด๏ผๆญๅ็พๅฉๅ็บณ็ฒนๅฝ่พพๆๅฏนๅฐ็ฌฌๅฎๅฎๆฝ็บณ็ฒน่กไธบ246ๅนดๆๅฐฑ๏ผๆญๅ็พๅฉๅ็บณ็ฒนๅฝ่พพๆๅฏนไผๆๅ ใๅๅฉไบๅฎๆฝ็บณ็ฒน่กไธบ8ๅนด๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
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Fuck America! Fuck NATO! Come on Russia!!! American bitch suck my big dick!!!!
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We hate double standards. Why don't you pay attention to Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan?
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1.ๆๆฏๆ ๅฝ็๏ผ 2.githubๆฏ็พๅฝไบบ็ใ 3.ๆดๅฅดๅ ฌ็ฅไบ้ฌผๅญ็็ๅค๏ผๅช้ฝๆใ
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ๅฅฝ็ญ้นยทยทยทยทยทยท
ไธๆฟๆฒปๆ้ฉ็ๆๆฏไธ่ฝฏไปถ๏ผๅฎๅฏไธ็จ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
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React version:ๅผๆบๅฐฑๅนฒ่ฟไบๅฟ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผๆธไปฃ็ ้ฝๆๆฟๆฒป็ซๅบไบไนBug: Bug: Bug: Bug: Bug:
1.ๅผๆบๅฐฑๅนฒ่ฟไบๅฟ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผๆธไปฃ็ ้ฝๆๆฟๆฒป็ซๅบไบไนBug: Bug: Bug: Bug: Bug: 2.ๅผๆบๅฐฑๅนฒ่ฟไบๅฟ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผๆธไปฃ็ ้ฝๆๆฟๆฒป็ซๅบไบไนBug: Bug: Bug: Bug: Bug:
Link to code example:ๅผๆบๅฐฑๅนฒ่ฟไบๅฟ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผๆธไปฃ็ ้ฝๆๆฟๆฒป็ซๅบไบไนBug: Bug: Bug: Bug: Bug:
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https://github.com/youlaitech/youlai-mall
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ไนๆ
sb sb sbsb
sb sb sb
้กน็ฎไผ ้้จ๏ผ https://github.com/youlaitech/youlai-mall
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ไนๆ๏ผ ไนๆ๏ผ
ไปทๅผ่งๆๆฏๆๅคง็bug๏ผๆfuck๏ผ
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ๅคงๅฎถ่ฏท็ๆบ
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Europe and the United States are evil. While talking about freedom and democracy, they provoked wars everywhere, killing thousands of people! As a human I have a deep hatred for them
่ พ่ฎฏไบ่ฟๆฐๆฅ็ฆๅฉๆดปๅจ๏ผๆๅกๅจๅฒไธๆไฝไปท๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ 2ๆ ธ2G4M๏ผ40ๅ /1ๅนด๏ผ200ๅ /3ๅนด 2ๆ ธ4G6M๏ผ74ๅ /1ๅนด๏ผ298ๅ /3ๅนด 4ๆ ธ8G10M๏ผ211ๅ /1ๅนด๏ผ998ๅ /3ๅนด 4ๆ ธ8G5M๏ผ800Gๆฐๆฎ็๏ผ๏ผ580ๅ /1ๅนด๏ผ1916ๅ /3ๅนด ่ฟๆฐๆฅๆดปๅจ(ๅผบ็ๆจ่)๏ผhttps://curl.qcloud.com/XAP5zTq4 ๆตทๅคไธปๆบๆไพฟๅฎๅช่ฆ315ไธๅนด ๆตทๅค: https://curl.qcloud.com/vwOk1RCo ps๏ผ่็จๆทๆขqq้ฎ็ฎฑ็ปๅฝๅณๅฏ่ดญไนฐ
We stand with the people of the world, not one. We oppose war and pursue peace. we hate double standard
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U dont know or u dont want to know ?
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Can support yourself, but don't spread it!
PHP ๆฏไธ็ไธๆๅฅฝ็่ฏญ่จ๏ผๆฎไบฌๅคงๅธไธๅฒ๏ผ ไนๅ ๅ ฐไธๅฒ๏ผไฟ็ฝๆฏไธๅฒ๏ผ
๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
ๆๅธๆไธ็ๅๅนณ๏ผๆไธๆฟๆๆๆฏ่ขซๆ็ซ็ทๆฑก
I hope 'react' focus on technology and not political attitudes, because everyone and every country has a different ideas
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่ฎบไธไธชไธบๆฟๆฒปใไธบไพต็ฅ่ ็ซ้็ๆๆฏๅๅฑๅๆฏใ
On the development prospect of a technology that stands for politics and aggressors
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็พๅฝไธไผๆๅ ไฝๆใไฝ ็ซๅจไผๆๅ ไธ่พนๅ๏ผ็พๅฝไธ้ฟๅฏๆฑไฝๆใไฝ ็ซๅจ้ฟๅฏๆฑไธ่พนๅ๏ผ็พๅฝ่ขญๅปไบๅๅฉไบใไฝ ็ซๅจๅๅฉไบไธ่พนๅ๏ผ็พๅฝไธๅฉๆฏไบไฝๆใไฝ ็ซๅจๅฉๆฏไบไธ่พนๅ๏ผ
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On how to accurately find the react position in the issue
็พๅฝไธไผๆๅ ไฝๆใไฝ ็ซๅจไผๆๅ ไธ่พนๅ๏ผ็พๅฝไธ้ฟๅฏๆฑไฝๆใไฝ ็ซๅจ้ฟๅฏๆฑไธ่พนๅ๏ผ็พๅฝ่ขญๅปไบๅๅฉไบใไฝ ็ซๅจๅๅฉไบไธ่พนๅ๏ผ็พๅฝไธๅฉๆฏไบไฝๆใไฝ ็ซๅจๅฉๆฏไบไธ่พนๅ๏ผ
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123123
vue3 +TS๏ผๆฏreactๅฅฝ็จไธไธๅใ
ๆข็ถๅผๆบ๏ผๅฐฑไธ่ฆ็ซ้ใ
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I believe that open source communities/projects should not have a political stance Your influence comes from the spirit of open source, the contributors, and the users I don't think that the political positions you post represent the views of your contributors Please let's at least keep the open source community borderless
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Just one technical framework ๏ผ Why does a technical framework involve politics๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
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ะััะฐะฒะฐะน, ะฟัะพะบะปัััะตะผ ะทะฐะบะปะตะนะผัะฝะฝัะน,
ะะตัั ะผะธั ะณะพะปะพะดะฝัั
ะธ ัะฐะฑะพะฒ!
ะะธะฟะธั ะฝะฐั ัะฐะทัะผ ะฒะพะทะผัััะฝะฝัะน
ะ ะฒ ัะผะตััะฝัะน ะฑะพะน ะฒะตััะธ ะณะพัะพะฒ.
ะะตัั ะผะธั ะฝะฐัะธะปัั ะผั ัะฐะทัััะธะผ
ะะพ ะพัะฝะพะฒะฐะฝัั, ะฐ ะทะฐัะตะผ
ะั ะฝะฐั, ะผั ะฝะพะฒัะน ะผะธั ะฟะพัััะพะธะผ, โ
ะัะพ ะฑัะป ะฝะธัะตะผ, ัะพั ััะฐะฝะตั ะฒัะตะผ.
ะัะธะฟะตะฒ:
(ร2) ะญัะพ ะตััั ะฝะฐั ะฟะพัะปะตะดะฝะธะน
ะ ัะตัะธัะตะปัะฝัะน ะฑะพะน;
ะก ะะฝัะตัะฝะฐัะธะพะฝะฐะปะพะผ
ะะพัะฟััะฝะตั ัะพะด ะปัะดัะบะพะน!
ะะธะบัะพ ะฝะต ะดะฐัั ะฝะฐะผ ะธะทะฑะฐะฒะปะตะฝัั:
ะะธ ะฑะพะณ, ะฝะธ ัะฐัั ะธ ะฝะต ะณะตัะพะน!
ะะพะฑััะผัั ะผั ะพัะฒะพะฑะพะถะดะตะฝัั
ะกะฒะพะตั ัะพะฑััะฒะตะฝะฝะพะน ััะบะพะน.
ะงัะพะฑ ัะฒะตัะณะฝััั ะณะฝัั ััะบะพะน ัะผะตะปะพะน,
ะัะฒะพะตะฒะฐัั ัะฒะพั ะดะพะฑัะพ, โ
ะะทะดัะฒะฐะนัะต ะณะพัะฝ ะธ ะบัะนัะต ัะผะตะปะพ,
ะะพะบะฐ ะถะตะปะตะทะพ ะณะพัััะพ!
ะัะธะฟะตะฒ
ะะพะฒะพะปัะฝะพ ะบัะพะฒั ัะพัะฐัั, ะฒะฐะผะฟะธัั,
ะขัััะผะพะน, ะฝะฐะปะพะณะพะผ, ะฝะธัะตัะพะน!
ะฃ ะฒะฐั โ ะฒัั ะฒะปะฐััั, ะฒัะต ะฑะปะฐะณะฐ ะผะธัะฐ,
ะ ะฝะฐัะต ะฟัะฐะฒะพ โ ะทะฒัะบ ะฟัััะพะน !
ะั ะถะธะทะฝั ะฟะพัััะพะธะผ ะฟะพ-ะธะฝะพะผั โ
ะ ะฒะพั ะฝะฐั ะปะพะทัะฝะณ ะฑะพะตะฒะพะน:
ะัั ะฒะปะฐััั ะฝะฐัะพะดั ัััะดะพะฒะพะผั!
ะ ะดะฐัะผะพะตะดะพะฒ ะฒัะตั
ะดะพะปะพะน!
ะัะธะฟะตะฒ
ะัะตะทัะตะฝะฝั ะฒั ะฒ ัะฒะพัะผ ะฑะพะณะฐัััะฒะต,
ะฃะณะปั ะธ ััะฐะปะธ ะบะพัะพะปะธ!
ะั ะฒะฐัะธ ััะพะฝั, ััะฝะตัะดัั,
ะะฐ ะฝะฐัะธั
ัะฟะธะฝะฐั
ะฒะพะทะฒะตะปะธ.
ะะฐะฒะพะดั, ัะฐะฑัะธะบะธ, ะฟะฐะปะฐัั โ
ะัั ะฝะฐัะธะผ ัะพะทะดะฐะฝะพ ัััะดะพะผ.
ะะพัะฐ! ะั ััะตะฑัะตะผ ะฒะพะทะฒัะฐัะฐ
ะขะพะณะพ, ััะพ ะฒะทััะพ ะณัะฐะฑะตะถะพะผ.
ะัะธะฟะตะฒ
ะะพะฒะพะปัะฝะพ ะบะพัะพะปัะผ ะฒ ัะณะพะดั
ะััะผะฐะฝะธัั ะฝะฐั ะฒ ัะฐะดั ะฒะพะนะฝั!
ะะพะนะฝะฐ ัะธัะฐะฝะฐะผ! ะะธั ะะฐัะพะดั!
ะะฐัััะนัะต, ะฐัะผะธะธ ััะฝั!
ะะพะณะดะฐ ะถ ัะธัะฐะฝั ะฝะฐั ะทะฐััะฐะฒัั
ะ ะฑะพั ะณะตัะพะนัะบะธ ะฟะฐััั ะทะฐ ะฝะธั
โ
ะฃะฑะธะนัั, ะฒ ะฒะฐั ัะพะณะดะฐ ะฝะฐะฟัะฐะฒะธะผ
ะั ะถะตัะปะฐ ะฟััะตะบ ะฑะพะตะฒัั
!
ะัะธะฟะตะฒ
ะะธัั ะผั, ัะฐะฑะพัะฝะธะบะธ ะฒัะตะผะธัะฝะพะน
ะะตะปะธะบะพะน ะฐัะผะธะธ ัััะดะฐ,
ะะปะฐะดะตัั ะทะตะผะปัะน ะธะผะตะตะผ ะฟัะฐะฒะพ,
ะะพ ะฟะฐัะฐะทะธัั โ ะฝะธะบะพะณะดะฐ!
ะ ะตัะปะธ ะณัะพะผ ะฒะตะปะธะบะธะน ะณััะฝะตั
ะะฐะด ัะฒะพัะพะน ะฟัะพะฒ ะธ ะฟะฐะปะฐัะตะน, โ
ะะปั ะฝะฐั ะฒัั ัะฐะบ ะถะต ัะพะปะฝัะต ััะฐะฝะตั
ะกะธััั ะพะณะฝัะผ ัะฒะพะธั
ะปััะตะน.
ะัะธะฟะตะฒ
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Americans all are pigs
Why does America bomb Iraqi civilians๏ผ
Hi all,
I believe you may find tons of anti-US msgs in all kinds of issue zones and other communities. They either blame ppl who support Ukraine /condemn Putin's Russia, or talk sh*ts with insane or fascist logic. They even spread hates in Chinese.
I, as a pre-China-based developer, have to say that the silent majority of Chinese ppl condemn such an invasion war from Putin's Russia. All these sh*t posts are from those who are brainwashed young students, gvmt-backed bots, or unclear about histories. They usually hold fascist logic just because of the censorship in Chinese SNS and media, which remove all different voices other than gvmt propaganda.
I know some disgusting behaviours/speeches from CN ppl on the Internet, just like the usernames of these sh*t posts in the issue zone. But, I have to say, these ppl are too young and too naive.
Finally, I support React's top bar showing supporting Ukraine. I've donated some cash to the local charity organization to support Ukraine. And I found from several Chinese commutes in Reddit that these Chinese users, most of which are students, have donated more than ten thousand USD.
Hope the war ends soon. God bless Ukraine.
่ด ๅทๅฑ็ๅฐ็ฒ็บขไปฌ: ไฝ ไปฌ่ฟๅซไธญๅฝไบบๅๅฃฐไธๅค่ญๅ? To commie pinkos who talk sh*ts in the issue zone: do you want all Chinese people to be impressed as fascists and racists?
ๅฆๆไฝ ไปฌ่งๅพไธๅ้ฝๆฏ็พๅฝ็้, ่ฝฏไปถไธๅบ่ฏฅๅไธๆฟๆฒป, ้ฃไนgithubไธบไปไน่ขซไธญๅฝGFWๆฑกๆ้ปๆฆ, ไฝ ไปฌไธบไปไน่ฆ็ฟปๅขๅข? telegram็ๅผๅ่ ไนๆฏไฟ็ฝๆฏไบบๅนถไธไนๆฏๅไฟ็ฝๆฏ็ฌ่ฃๆฟๅบ, ไฝ ไปฌไธบไปไน่ฆ็จๅข? If you believe these are all US's fault and software/opensource should get rid of politics, why is GitHub banned by China's GFW and why do you use VPN? Telegram is developed by a Russian who condemns Putin's Dictatorship in Russia, why do you use it?
่ฏทๅๆญขๆฃๆญไฝ ไปฌๅฏ็ฌ็่ฐฉ้ชไธไปๆจ. ไฝ ไปฌ่ฟๅซไธญๅฝไบบๅจๅค็ๅๅฃฐไธๅค่ญๆฏๅง? Please, stop spreading hates! You're the hate-makers to your own Chinese people. Behave yourselves.
ๅฆๆไฝ ๆฏๆไฟ็ฝๆฏๅ ฅไพตไนๅ ๅ ฐ, ้ฃไนไฝ ๆณๆณไธญๅฝๅๆนๅ ็พไธๅนณๆนๅ ฌ้็้ขๅๆฏ่ฐๅๅนถ็? ๆฏ็พๅฝๅ? ๆตทๅ ฐๆณกๆจๆกๆฏ็พๅฝ้ ๆ็ๅ? ่ฟไน่ฎจๅ็พๅฝ, ้ฃไนๅฐฑ้บป็ฆๆ็ต่ๆๆบ้ฝ็ ธ็, ่ฟ้ฝๆฏ็พๅฝ่ดง
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I blame Russia attack Ukraine without WHITE LIQUID like US attack Iraq before!
Support Afghanistan!! Help Provide Humanitarian Aid to Afghanistan!! Support Libya!! Help Provide Humanitarian Aid to Libya!! Support Iraq!! Help Provide Humanitarian Aid to Iraq!!
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้ฃๅฐฑๅซ่ฎฉไฟ็ฝๆฏไบบไฝฟ็จ React ๅ๏ผ
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Is there a neutral open source team to take over react. As an open source project, it has to involve political issues. Now this team makes me sick
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Should the U.S. Apologize for Refugees in Afghanistan and Iraq
ๆ ๆไธๅๆ ไนๅ ๅ ฐไบบๆฐ๏ผ ๅๅไธๅฐ้ๅๅฝ็ไธปๆ๏ผ ็ซๅบไธๅๅฏนๅ็บฆไธๆญไธๆฉ๏ผ ๆๅไธ็่งฃไฟ็ฝๆฏ็ๆ ๅฅ๏ผ ๅบ็บฟไธๆฐ็บณ็ฒนๅ จๅพไธ็ปๅๆถ๏ผ ๆ นๆฌไธ่ฎจๅ็พ่ฅฟๆน็้ธๆ๏ผ
Emotional sympathy for the Ukrainian people; Respect the sovereignty of states in principle; Opposes the continuous eastward expansion of NATO; Feel the helplessness of understanding Russia; The limit is that neo-Nazis deserve to be hanged on the gallows; Fundamentally hate the hegemony of the United States and the West;
Double standard from colonial pirate culture.
It was faith, then civilization, then freedom, then liberal democracy.
From war, to colonization, to financial war, to cultural invasion.
Different beliefs, so I can wage war on you; I am civilized and you are uncivilized, so I can colonize; I have my own, and later I have democracy, so I can drain your blood with financial means .
USA brought wars to Iraq! Where are you React? USA brought war to Afghanistan. Where are you React?
Do you support Iraq War and Afghanistan War? React Speak loadly, I dont hear you React? Why not puts more statements on your websites?
So only USA can begin a war, RIGHT? Let's do politics things guys!
Why don't you post your politics opinion on Twitter / Facebook / Tiktok / Reddit? Why do you bring politics to React? Are you crazy?
ๆไธ็ซไฟ็ฝๆฏๅไนๅ ๅ ฐไปปไฝไธๆนใๅชๅธๆๆฉๆฅๅ็ซ๏ผๆฐไผ่ฝๅฐไธไบ่ฆ้พใ I am not on either side of Russia or Ukraine. I just hope that there will be an early ceasefire and the people will experience less suffering.
In my opinion, supporting Ukraine ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ should be more thorough. So I replaced all React/react keywords in the repository with UkraineNeedHelp.
I believe that victory belongs to the Ukrainian people! ๐ถ๐ถ๐ถ
ไธญๆ๏ผ ๆไธชไบบ็ซๅบๆฏๆฏๆๅผๆบ็คพๅบไธๅไธไปปไฝๆฟๆฒปใไฝreact็คพๅบ่ฟไนๅๆฌขๅไธๆฟๆฒป๏ผ้ฃๅฐฑไธๅฆๆreact.jsๆขๆUkraineNeedHelp.js็ฎไบ๐ค๐ค๐ค ๆฏๆๅฐๅบๅ๏ผไธ็ถๆไน่กจ็ฐๆฟๆฒปๆญฃ็กฎใ
ๆฏๆๅผๆบ็คพๅบไธๅไธๆฟๆฒป็ๅๅ ๏ผ้คไบ่ฆไฟ่ฏๆๆฏ็บฏ็ฒนใๅฆๅคไธไธชๅๅ ๆฏไธๆฆๅไธๆฟๆฒป๏ผๅนณๅฐๅ้กน็ฎๅฐฑไผๅผ่ตทๆฟๅบ็ๅ ณๆณจๅๆณจๆ๏ผ่ฟๅฏนไบๅพๅคๅฐๆนๆฅ่ฏดๆฏๅพๅฑ้ฉ็ใไธบไบๅผๆบ้กน็ฎๅๅนณๅฐ็้ฟไน ๅๅฑ๏ผๅธๆ้ฝ่ๅถไธไบใ
English๏ผ My personal position is to support the open source community and not get involved in any politics. But the react community likes to participate in politics so much, then it's better to replace react.js with UkraineNeedHelp.js ๐ค๐ค๐ค Support the end, otherwise how to show political correctness.
Reasons in favor of the open source community not participating in politics, other than keeping the technology pure. Another reason is that once involved in politics, platforms and projects will attract the attention and attention of the government, which is very dangerous for many places. For the long-term development of open source projects and platforms, I hope to be moderate.
The United States fought Iraq. Are you with Iraq? The United States fought Afghanistan. Are you with Afghanistan? The United States hit Syria. Are you standing with Syria? The United States fought Libya. Are you with Libya?
I was amused๏ผhypocrisy
To real support Ukraine, we shall do more, How about change the project name to UkraineNeedHelpJs, Until Ukraine no more war. The new name is good to see and understand: Ukraine Need Help I hope you guys stand with us to support Ukraine.
If you not agree, You are less kind person which may want to support Russian.
I feel so sad you bring politics to React. In my opinion, Support Ukraine government equal support nazi.
React version:
Link to code example: